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cumulative review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biosphere | the global sum of all ecosystems. |
| cryosphere | the frozen water part of the earth system |
| geosphere | any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that makeup the earth and its atmosphere |
| magnetic field | the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials |
| nuclear fission | the main process generating nuclear energy |
| radiant energy | the energy of electromagnetic waves |
| angular momentum | the rotational analog of linear momentum |
| barycenter | the center of mass of two or more bodies that are orbiting each other. |
| conservation of momentum | a conservation law stating that the total linear momentum of a closed system remains constant through time. |
| eccentricity | measure of how an orbit has an eccentricity of zero. |
| ellipse | a curve on a plane surrounding two focal points such that the sum of the distances to the two focal points is constant for every point on the curve |
| escape velocity | the lowest velocity that a body must have in order to escape the gravitational attraction of a particular planet or other object. |
| nutation | a periodic variation in the precession of the earth's axis |
| Kepler's laws of motion | three laws devised by Kepler to define the mechanics of planetary motion. |
| precession | a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. |
| synchronous rotation | the result of tidal forces that over time slow the rotation of the smaller body until it is synchronized with its period of revolution around the larger body. |
| universal law of gravitation | that any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. |
| Brahe | designed and built instruments. invented the angle measuring device |
| Copernicus | convinced that earth is a planet just like the other five known at the time. |
| Kepler | discovered that the orbit of mars around the sun is not a perfect circle. |
| Galileo | used telescope to view the universe. discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, planets are circular disks, Venus phases, moon's surface and sunspots. |
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