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Comparative Anatomy
Shark Appendicular, Axial, and Skull Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neural Spine | The dorsal extension if the neural arch of caudal vertebrae that forms a point, not an arch - homologous to the neural spine in the mudpuppy and the alligator, homologous to the neural spine of all vertebrae in the cat. |
| Neural Arch | The dorsal part of the trunk vertebrae that ends in an arch, not a spine. Dorsal side of the neural canal - homologous to the neural arch in the mudpuppy + the alligator, and to the neural arch in the vertebrae in the cat |
| Centrum | Concave portion of the vertebrae that hosts the remaining of the notochord, centered in the caudal vertebra but ventral in the trunk vertebrae - homologous to the centrum in the mudpuppy and alligator, and the centrum in vertebrae of the cat |
| Neural Canal | Hosts the spinal cord, is formed by the neural arch and is dorsal in positioning |
| Interneural (Intercalary) Plate | Plates that form a continuous roof and floor around the spinal cord, in the neural arch and hemal arch with foramen for nerves to extend through |
| Hemal Arch | Forming the ventral side of the centrum, ending in an arch - homologous to the hemal arch in the mudpuppy and alligator |
| Hemal Spine | Extends ventral from the hemal arch and forms a point - homologous to the hemal spine in the mudpuppy |
| Notochord | Greatly restricted in the centrum |
| Rostrum | Anterior projection overhanging the mouth |
| Rostral Fenestra | Holes (paired) at the posterior end of the rostrum, on the ventral side but visible from the dorsal side. |
| Epiphyseal Foramen | Posterior to the rostrum, on the dorsal side. |
| Otic Capsule | On the posterior end of the skull, dorsal, paired capsules. For nerves |
| Orbit | Most anterior concave on either side of the skull, with a dorsal crest. Where the eye sits |
| Preorbital Process | The extension anterior to each concave orbit |
| Supraorbital Crest | The dorsal overhang of cartilage over the orbit |
| Postorbital Process | The extension posterior to the concave of the orbit |
| Basal Plate | Posterior plate on the ventral side of the skull, supporting the ventral side of the brain |
| Vagal Foramen | Lateral to the occipital condyles and lateral to the centrum on the posterior wall of the skull. For the vagus nerves |
| Glossopharyngeal Foramen | Lateral to the vagal foramen, on the very most lateral edge of the posterior wall of the skull. For glossopharyngeal nerves |
| Foramen Magnum | The large opening on the posterior wall of the skull, dorsally positioned, where the spinal cord passes through. |
| Occipital Condyle | Fit against the vertebrae, lateral to the centrum on the posterior wall of the skull, ventral to the foramen magnum. |
| Basibranchial Cartilage | On ventral side of body, where all the other branchial cartilage meet. |
| Hypobranchial Cartilage | Branches off the basibranchial cartilage, connecting the basibranchial cartilage to the other cartilage that join there. Ventral side of body. |
| Ceratobranchial Cartilage | Ventral side of body, attached to the hypobranchial cartilage. |
| Epibranchial Cartilage | Dorsal side of body, attached to the ceratobranchial cartilage |
| Pharyngobranchial Cartilage | Dorsal side of body, attached to the epibranchial cartilage |
| Basihyal Cartilage | Center cartilage of the hyoid arch, dorsal side of the body |
| Paired Ceratohyal Cartilage | Attached to the basihyal cartilage of the hyoid on the dorsal side of the body, in same positioning as the ceratobranchial cartilage |
| Paired Hyomandibulae Cartilage | Attached to the ceratohyal cartilage of the hyoid on the dorsal, extending to the ventral side of the body. |
| Meckel's Cartilage | Lower jaw cartilage |
| Quadrate Process | Articulates with the Meckel's cartilage and forms the palatoquadrate cartilage, dorsal side of the body |
| Orbital Process | Attached to the quadrate process, forms the palatoquadrate cartilage, dorsal side of the body. Extends into the eye socket |
| Coracoid Bar | The very ventral part of the U-shaped bar making up the pectoral girdle |
| Scapular Cartilage | The distal part of the U-shaped bar making up the pectoral girdle, attached to the coracoid bar |
| Suprascapular Cartilage | The most distal part of the U-shaped bar making up the pectoral girdle, attached to the scapular cartilage |
| Basal Pterygiophores | Most medial part of the pectoral and pelvic |
| Radial Pterygiophores | Attached to the basal pterygiophores, extending distally |
| Ceratotichia | The most distal part of the pectoral and pelvic fin, attached to the radial pterygiophores |
| Puboischiadic Bar | Pelvic girdle attachment in the middle |
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