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BI 212 M1 - Resp

BI 212 Midterm 1 - Cellular Respiration

QuestionAnswer
Phosphorylation Addition of an inorganic phosphate through a reaction.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Enzymatic phosphorylation. E.g. enzymes bind with substrate and ADP, enzyme strips Pi from substrate and then binds it to ADP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Phosphorylation using series of redox reactions.
Redox Reactions Oxidation-Reduction reaction, it is the transfer of electrons between reactants in a reaction.
Oxidized In a redox reaction, when a reactant loses electrons.
Reduced In a redox reaction, when a reactant gains electrons.
NAD+ Used in cellular respiration to strip protons (H+) and electrons (e-) from sugar. An electron carrier and coenzyme.
NADH NADH is formed when NAD+ is reduced, it represents stored energy that can be tapped to make ATP. Acts as an e- shuttle between sugar and next step.
Reducing Power Ability to reduce/donate electrons. NADH has reducing power.
Glycolysis Splitting of sugar. Nicknamed Pi Pinball, involves a series of phosphorylations, phosphates bounced from enzyme to enzyme (10 enzymes total).
Pyruvate One end product of glycolysis, 3 carbon molecule, Glucose (6C) is split into two pyruvates, then on to the citric acid cycle.
Citric Acid Cycle Completes breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide.
Mitochodrial Outer Membrane A phospholipid bilayer that is smooth, acts as barrier between cytoplasm and intermembrane space.
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane A phospholipid bilayer inside outer membrane of mitochondrion, this however is not smooth, but convoluted with many folds to increase surface area.
Mitochondrial Matrix The compartment enclosed by inner membrane, contains many different enzymes, as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. These enzymes catalyze some steps of cell respiration.
Inter-Membrane Space Space between inner and outer membranes of mitochondrion.
Cristae Many folds of inner membrane of mitochondrion, creates larger surface area and thus enhancing the productivity of cellular respiration.
Electron Transport Chain Sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle e-'s in redox rxns to release enrgy used for ATP synthesis. How enrgy is released in controlled increments. Takes them down the energy gradient (stair case).
Chemiosmosis The use of energy stored as H+ gradient across the membrane to make ATP. An imbalance of Protons outside the membrane causes protons to flow back through membrane, then driving the ATP synthase (motor) to make ATP.
Proton Motive Force The H+ gradient that drives chemiosmosis.
ATP Synthase Molecular mill, protein complex (enzyme) that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Fermentation Partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen, an extension of glycolysis. Substrate-level phosphorylation, yields a small amount of ATP.
Alcohol Fermentation Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, CO2 is removed then 2C reduced to ethanol. Important in food and beverage industry, yeast ferments sugar to make beer, wine and spirits.
Ethanol Ethyl Alcohol, a type of alcohol formed by alcohol fermentation.
Lactic Acid Fermentation 3C pyruvate reduced to 3C lactic acid (lactate). Yeast & bacteria ferment milk to make cheese and yogurt. Animal cells during strenuous exercise, not enough O2 delivered, switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration.
Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis in reverse.
Created by: xDSCOTTx
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