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BI 212 M1 - Metab
BI 212 Midterm 1 - Energy and Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | Total of all chemical reactions in an organism. |
| Catabolic Pathways | Metabolic Pathway that breaks down complex molecules to simpler compounds, degrades and releases energy. |
| Anabolic Pathways | Metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones (aka biosynthetic pathways). |
| Energy | The capacity to cause change, can be used to do work. (i.e. hydroelectric dams) |
| Kinetic Energy | The energy of motion (heat or thermal energy is kinetic: random movement of molecules). |
| Potential Energy | Stored energy, based on location or structure (grav. pot. energy?) |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, however can be transferred or transformed, Law of Conservation of Energy |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer increases entropy in the universe. |
| Entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. The more randomly arranged, the more entropy. |
| Gibbs Free Energy (G) | Energy in a system that can perform work. |
| 'Delta' G | G(final state) - G(initial state); or if system is chemical rxn, then: G(products) - G(reactants) |
| Spontaneous Processes | Tendency toward stability, decrease in 'G', means no energy input is required. |
| Exergonic Reactions | energy outward, means a net release of free energy (G). Delta G <0, spontaneous, energy available for work. |
| Endergonic Reactions | Energy inward, energy must be input, Delta G > 0. Non-spontaneous, energy must come from an outside system. |
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | Used by cells to do work. Contains the sugar "ribose," with the nitrogenous base Adenine, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to it. Phosphate bonds can be broken with hydrolysis to form ADP. Can move ions against diffusion, phosphorylation. |
| ADP (Andenosine Diphosphate) | Product of breaking phosphate bonds through hydrolysis in ATP. |
| Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) | Released when ATP is hydrolyzed, is cycled back through to turn ADP back into ATP. |
| Activation Energy | Energy initially required to start a reaction. Can be overcame by adding energy through heat, or lowering it by using catalysts. |
| Catalyst | An agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed. |
| Enzyme | A protein that acts as a catalyst, it is a complex folded polypeptide. |
| Cofactor | works with enzyme to aid in catalysis, non-protein, often metal. |
| Active Site | Pocket of action on an enzyme, where the substrate fits in, where catalysis occurs. |
| Carbonic Anhydrase | Important enzyme that aids in pH regulation, its cofactor is zinc. Does this reaction: CO2+H2O =><=(HCO3-)+(H+), catalyzed rate 10^9/sec with CA, w/out 2/sec. Role in water balance in kidneys. |
| Competitive Inhibitor | Inhibits catalysis by binding to active site and competes with substrates, can be overcome by increasing amount of substrate, inhibitor gets overpowered. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitor | Binds somewhere other than active site on enzyme and changes the shape of active site, therefore substrate can no longer fit, adding substrate will not overcome this inhibition. |
| Allosteric Regulation | Regulation of an enzyme in which the proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site. Can either inhibit or stimulate the enzymes activity. |
| Feedback Inhibition | A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. |
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