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Stack #200904
IBS II Chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two types of senses? | General and Special senses |
| General Sense are located where? | Distributed over large part of body |
| What is the name of the receptors responsible for generating action potential upon stimulation by sensory stimulus? | Primary receptors |
| What are the two types of general senses? | Somatic and Viscera |
| What is somatic sensation? | Information about body and environment. Located in skin, muscles, joints. |
| What are the types of somatic senses? | touch, pain, pressure, temperature, proprioception (wide range) |
| What is vicera sensation? | Information about internal organ (duh) |
| What are the types of vicera senses? | pain and pressure (somewhat restricted in concious decision in pain and pressure) |
| Give examples of touch somatic sensation | stroking, vibration, texture, skin stretch and itch. |
| What is the receptor for touch sensation | mechanoreceptor |
| What is the receptor for pressure sensation | mechanoreceptors |
| What is the receptor for pain | nociceptors |
| What is the receptor for proprioception | mechanoreceptors |
| What is the receptor for temperature | thermoreceptors |
| What are the 8 categories of sensory receptors | Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors, exteroreceptors, viceroreceptors, and proprioceptors |
| Mechanoreceptors | for both somatic and visera compression, bending, stretching of cells, touch, pressure, proprioception, hearing and balance (he also said orientation of organs) |
| Chemoreceptors | smell and taste. Chemicals become attached to receptors on their membranes. Volitile molecules stimulate this receptor. |
| Thermoreceptors | response to change in themperature |
| Photoreceptors | response to light:vision |
| Nociceptors | Extreme mechanical, chemical or thermal stimuli. PAIN |
| Exteroreceptors | association with skin |
| Viceroreceptors | association with internal organs |
| Proprioceptors | association with joints and tendons. How the limbs are moving in relationship to the body. |
| Function of Free Nerve Endings | pain, itch, temperature, joint movement, and proprioception. |
| Free nerve ending | simplest, most common type of sensory receptor. These receptors are more active in cold temperature than warm. 10-15 times more numerous than warm. |
| Merkel (Tactile) disks | detect light touch and superficial pressure. |
| Hair Follicle receptors | respond to slight bending of hair and light touch. The sensation is very sensitive but not localized. This is because the end organ field receptors are overlapping. |
| Pacinian corpuscle | deep cutaneous pressure, vibration and proprioception (joints) |
| Meissner corpuscle | two point dicrimination. Ability to detect simulatenous stimulation at two points on the skin. Used to determine texture of obj |
| Ruffini end organ | continuous touch or pressure and depression or stretch of skin. |
| Muscle Spindles | proprioception associated with detection of muscle stretch. Important for control of muscle tone. |
| Golgi Tendon organ | proprioception associated with detection of tendon. Important in control of muscle contraction. |
| Accomodation (adaptation) | decreased sensitivity to a continuous stimulus |
| Proprioceptors | provide the precise position and rate of movement of various body parts. |
| Spinothalamic Tract | conveys pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle and itch. Has 3 neuron systems: Primary, Secondary and Terthiary. |
| Explain how the sensory travels through the spinothalamic tract | 1.Primary:sensory from the periphery to posterior horn of spinal cord. Synapses with interneuron. 2.Secondary: cross over to opposite side, enter the spinothalamic tract and ascend to thalamus. 3.Tertiary: thalamus to somatic sensory cortex. |
| Explain how the sensory travels through Dorsal-Column/Medial-Lemniscal System | Primary neurons the axons enter spinal cord and ascend to medulla oblongata and synapses w/ secondary neuron. Then it crosses over to the opposite side and ascends to the thalamus.Tertiary neurons project the axon to the somatic sensory cortex. |
| Dorsal-Column/Medial-Lemniscal System | carries sensation of two point discrimination, pressure, vibration, proprioception to the cerebrum and cerebellum. |
| Trigeminothalamic Tract | Similar to spinothalamic and dorsal/medial lemniscal system but carries sensation from face, nasal and oral cavity to the thalamus. |
| Spinocerebellar Tract | Carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum, most of which are unconscious. |
| Spinoolivary tract | contribute to coordination of movement associated with balance. |
| Spinotectal tract | involved in reflexes that turn head and eyes toward the point of cutaneous stimulation. |
| Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex | general somatic sensory like pain, temperature, pressure. Located posterior to the central sulcus. (Postcentral gyrus) |
| Taste Area | For taste. Located inferior end of the postcentral gyrus. |
| Olfactory Cortex | Smell. Inferior surface of the frontal lobe where the concious and unconcious responses to odors are initiated. |
| Primary auditory cortex | Superior part of the temporal lobe. |
| Visual Cortex | Occipital lobe. |
| Association Areas | Process of recognition. Somatic sensory asso and visual asso. |
| Somatic Sensory Association area | posterior to the primary somatic sensory cortex. |
| Visual association area | Anterior to visual cortex "I have seen this before" relating the present visual info with the past. |
| Which body parts have the most sensory receptors? | Hands and face |
| What is referred pain? | Painful sensation felt on one region of the body that is not the source of pain stimulus. Eg:pain felt on certain part of skin when you have internal organ damage or inflammed. Like a heart attack, feel it on left side of body. |
| What is phantom pain? | occurs in people who have their appendages amputated or tooth removed.These sensations are lost with the amputation and thus their inhibitory effect. |
| What is Chronic Pain? | Cerebrum and thalamus may malfunction and misinterpret discomfort as pain. Magraine, back pain. These types of pain are long lasting and associated with depression, frustration, hopelessness |
| Primary motor cortex | Hands and face take up majority of primary motor cortex |
| Pyramidal System | Direct motor nerve tract. Involved in maintenence of muscle tone, speed and precision of skilled movement. Eg: Dexterity and you need this system to help you change a movement from front to back(you need a whole set of new muscles). |
| Extrapyramidal System | Less precise control of motor functions esp those associated with overall body coordination and cerebellar function like posture. Deficit to this results in parkinsons |
| Corticospinal tract | direct control of movements below the head. Eg: I am going to move my arms |
| Corticobullbar tract | direct control of movements of head and neck. Eg:Slamming on table, we turn to look. |
| Basal Nuclei | important in planning, organizing, coordinating movements and posture. Lesions here = parkinsons |
| Cerebellum function | helps maintain muscle tone in postural muscles, help control balance in movement and coordinate eye movement |
| Brainstem | Many reflexes important for survival located here.Controls heart rate, BP, respiration, swallowing, coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, sleep, vomitting. |
| Wernicke's area | located in temporal lobe. Sensory speech. Understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say. |
| Broca's area | located in frontal lobe. Motor speech. Sending messages to the appropriate muscles to make the sound. |
| Aphasia | absent or defective speech or language comprehension caused by lesion |
| Name the 4 types of brain wave patterns | alpha,beta,theta,delta |
| REM | rapid eye movement:deep sleep. Some people think this is a rewinding process for brain. Like a battery needs charging. |
| What are the four types of memory? | sensory, short term, long term, implicit |
| What is Sensory Memory | Fastest/shortest type of memory. Very short |
| What is short | term memory |
| What is long | term memory |
| What is Implicit memory? | Procedural and reflexive. Learning how to ride a bike or car.Development of skills. |
| What is memory engram? | Memory trace.Involved in long |
| Limbic system | involves emotions, visceral responses to emotions, motivation, mood, pleasure and sensations to pain. Basic survival instincts:acquisition of food and water, reproduction. |
| Precentral Gyrus | Primary Motor cortex |
| Premotor area | Anterior to the primary motor cortex. Motor functions organized before initiation |
| Prefrontal area | Motivation, foresight to plan and initiate movements, emotional behavior, mood |
| Lateral Corticospinal tracts | Nerves tracts from corticospinal pathway after is has decussated in the pyramids. Controls all levels of the body. |
Created by:
Nweni
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