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BI 212 M1 - Cell 1
Vocab terms for BI 212 Midterm 1 - Cell Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a cell? | A cell is the smallest functional unit of living organisms. |
| Organelles | Tiny organs with specialized functions, bound by membranes. |
| Plasma Membrane | Interface between the inside and outside of the cell. Selectively permeable - lets certain things in, lets certain things out. Communicates with outside, does work "Membrane Potential." |
| Cytoplasm | Everything between the nucleus and Plasma Membrane, cytosol + organelles. |
| Cytosol | Internal fluid of a cell, mostly water with salts and proteins. |
| Nucleus | Brains of the cell, contains most of cells DNA. |
| Nuclear Envelope | Encloses nucleus, made of a double lipid bilayer (double membrane), inner side has nuclear lamina. |
| Nuclear Lamina | protein 'mesh', net-like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. Organizes pores. |
| Nuclear Pores | structures that perforate the nuclear envelope, the pores are lined by an intricate protein structure called pore complex, regulates the entry of most proteins and RNA's, also large macromolecule complexes. |
| Chromosomes | discrete units that vary from species to species, they are structures that carry the genetic information. Each chromosome made up of chromatin. |
| Chromatin | substance that makes up chromosomes, it is made up of DNA and proteins. |
| Ribosomes | complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, they are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis. |
| Difference between free and bound ribosomes? | Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, bound are attached to the outside of the ER or Nuclear Envelope, can alternate between the two roles. Free = Cytosolic Proteins, bound = membrane assoc, secreted, organeller proteins. |
| Endomembrane System | system of membranes, either physically connected or throuh transfer via vesicles. Parts/organelles into functional components. (PM, nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, vesicles, 2 others). |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | extensive network of membrane bound tubules and sacs, seperates 'lumen' from cytosol. |
| Smooth ER Functions | Lacks ribosomes, processes include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detox of drugs/poisons. Some Smooth ER steroids are sex hormones/adrenal hormones. Stores calcium ions, aids in muscle contraction. |
| Rough ER Functions | Modify proteins destined to be transported. Polypeptides threaded in, protein decoration, membrane factory: grows its own membrane. |
| Glycoproteins | Makes up most secretory proteins, and are proteins that have carbs covalently bonded to them. |
| Cisternae of ER | Membranous tubules and sacs that make up ER. |
| Transport Vesicle | Vesicles that are in transit from one part of the cell to another. |
| Golgi Apparatus | receiving, modifying, shipping apparatus. Cisternal Maturation model also makes polysaccharides. |
| Cisternal Maturation Model | Golgi a dynamic structure, cisternae move from cis to trans face, carry and modify cargo. Receive: cis face from ER, modify add/subtract monosaccharides to proteins, sort w/ molecular bar codes, ship from trans face. |
| Cis and Trans Face of Golgi | Cis face is near the ER, Trans face is opposite the ER. |
| Lysosomes | membranous sacs of enzymes used to digest macromolecules, the inside of lysosome is acidic for enzymes to function best. |
| Mitochondria | has two membranes, inner membrane has many folds (cristae, increase SA). Part of cellular respiration and produces energy (ATP). |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | Compartment enclosed by inner membrane, contains many different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes. |
| Cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane to increase surface area. |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Maintains cell shape, give entire cells motility, anchor point for organelles, tracks=movement of cell parts. NOT PERMANENT STRUCTURES. |
| Motor Protein | Proteins that hold caro (vesicles) and uses energy to move along the cytoskeleton, "walk" along microtubules, sometimes microfilaments. |
| Microtubule | Hollow tubes of tubulin, maintains cell shape, cell motility, organelle and chromosome movement. |
| Microfilament | Smallest component, made of actin, two intertwined strands of actin, cell shape, change in cell chape, muscle contraction, streaming and pseudopodia. |
| Intermediate Filament | fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables, made of diverse proteins of the keratin family. Cell shape, anchor nucleus and other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina. |
| Tubulin | protein that is a dimer, molecule made up of two subunits. Tubulin made of 2 slightly different polypeptides a-tubulin, b-tubulin. Makes up microtubules. |
| Actin | A globular protein that makes up microfilaments. |
| Keratin | family of proteins that make up intermediate proteins. |
| Centrosome | Microtubule-organizing center, the site of microtubule nucleation. Compression-resisting girders of cytoskeleton. |
| Centrioles | Structures within the centrosome, animals have 2 of them. Arranged in 9 triplet microtubules, may help organize microtubule assembly. |
| Cilia | many of them, move cells, move things past cells, they are microtubule containing extensions. Generate force perpendicular to ciliums axis (oar-like). |
| Flagella | Fewer and longer than Cilia, move in snake-like motion (i.e. sperm). Create force in same direction as flagella's axis. |
| Structure of Cilia and Flagella | 9+2 arrangement, nine doublets of microtubules forming a ring, with another pair in the center. |
| Basal Body | Anchor point in the cell for cilia and flagella, a pinwheel like ring consisting of 9 triplets. |
| Dynein | Pairs of protruding proteins spaced along the length of outer doublets. These are large motor proteins, and are responsible for the bending movements of the organelle, has 2 feet that walk along the microtubule of an adjacent doublet. |
| Gel & Sol | Gel is the outer cytoplasmic layer/network of microfilaments. Sol is actin subunits. |
| Pseudopodia | Cellular extensions that aid in amoeboid movement brought on by localized contractions initiated by myosin and actin. |
| Myosin | Protein filament that acts as a motor protein with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. |
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