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BI 212 M1 - Macromol
Vocab terms for BI 212 Midterm 1 - Macromolecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Macromolecule | Big Molecule (macro = big) |
| How many classes of macromolecules? | 4: 3 ploymers (Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids), then monomer lipid |
| Condensation Reaction | dehydration reaction, lose one molecule of water. |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | Process of disassembling polymers into monomers. Reverse of condensation rxn, 1 molecule of water required. |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars and polymers of sugars, energy reserves, structural functions. |
| Monosaccharides | Carbohydrates that usually have a multiple of the unit CH20 (i.e. Glucose C6H12O6) |
| Aldose | Monosaccharide with location of carbonyl group (>C=O) more towards the middle of the molecule. (Glyceraldehyde, Ribose, Glucose, Galactose) |
| Ketose | Monosaccharide with location of carbonyl group (>C=O) at the top of the structure. (Dihydroxyacetone, Ribulose, Fructose)n |
| Polysacccharides | A polymer built up of repeating monomers (can be for storing energy) |
| Disaccharide | Carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. |
| Glycosidic Linkage | A covalent bond between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |
| Starch | sugar stored by plants, a polymer of glucose monomers. Most monomers are joined by a 1-4 linkage (1 carbon to the 4 carbon). Two forms of starch are amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched). |
| Glycogen | Polysaccharide that animals store, polymer of glucose similar to amylopectin but more extensively branched. Stored mainly in liver and muscle cells. In humans, stores are depleted in a day, unless replenished. |
| Cellulose | Structural polysaccharide that is major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. Plants produce 100 billion tons/year. Polymer of Beta Glucose |
| How do the structures of Glucose and Galactose differ? | They differ in there placement of parts around the 4th carbon. Glucose: H-C-OH; Galactose: HO-C-H. |
| Difference between Alpha and Beta Glucose rings? | The difference is the arrangement of the Hydroxyl group about the 1 carbon, can be hydroxyl on top or on the bottom. |
| Difference between structures of starch and cellulose? | Starch and cellulose differ in that they are made using different ring structures of glucose, starch = alpha ring, cellulose = beta ring. This gives the molecules distinct 3D shapes, starch is helical and cellulose is straight and never branched. |
| Lipids | Class of macromolecules that does not include true polymrs. They are compounds that all mix very poorly with water. |
| Fatty Acid | Has a long carbon skeleton, varies in carbon length (16~18), varies in # and loc. of double bonds (Saturation). |
| Saturated Fats | Determined by # and location of double bonds in fatty acids. Saturated fats = no double bonds, straight so can pack tightly, solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated Fats | one or more double bonds, creates a kink so the molecules cant pack as tightly, therefore liquid at room temp. |
| Glycerol | 2nd component in fats (joined with fatty acid). It is an alcohol with three carbons each bearing a hydroxyl group. Hydroxyl groups = hydrophilic. |
| Phospholipid | Similar to a fat molecule, but only has two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three, the third hydroxyl group of glycerol is attached to a phosphate group. Essential to cells, make up the cell membrane, glycerol faces toward water. |
| Ester Linkage | Bond between hydroxyl group of glycerol and carboxyl group of fatty acid in fats. |
| Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, variance in the groups attached to the rings. |
| Cholesterol | common component of animal cell membranes, also precursor from which other steroids are synthesized. High levels may contribute to atherosclerosis. |
| Polynucleotide | Store and transmit hereditary info, program for cellular activity, made of of nucleotide monomers. |
| Nucleotide | Monomer composed of three parts: nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar (pentose) and phosphate group. |
| Nucleoside | Portion of nucleotide without phosphate group (nitrogenous base and pentose). |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | First of 2 types of nucleic acids, provides directions for its own replication and directs RNA synthesis, and vicariously controls protein synthesis. Double Helix shape. Has direction 5' to 3'. |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Relays DNA info into Proteins, it is single stranded, not deoxygenated, uses uracil instead of thymine. |
| Pyrimidine | 1 of 2 families of nitrogenous bases, has six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Nitrogen takes up H+ from solution, hence nitrogenous BASE. (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil) |
| Purine | Larger, six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring. (Adenine and Guanine) |
| Difference between DNA and RNA? | Difference is in the sugar connected to nitrogenous base, ribose (or deoxyribose). Deoxyribose lacks and O atom on the 2nd carbon. Also RNA contains pyrimidine Uracil instead of Thymine. |
| Phosphodiester linkage | Linkage that joins adjacent nucleotides, a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides. |
| Sugar-Phosphate Backbone | The repeating pattern of phosphate and sugar units that results from phosphodiester linkage. |
| Complimentary | Deals with purines and pyrimidines, AGTC, only certain bases are compatible with one another: adenine - Thymine; Guanine - Cytosine. e.g. 5'-AGGTCCG-3' => 3'-TCCAGGC-5' |
| Polypeptides | These are polymers of amino acids. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D shape. Have direction from Amino Term to Carboxyl Group. |
| Amino Acids | Monomers of polypeptides, all possessing carboxyl and amino groups, also hydrogen atom and variable "R" group centered around a central carbon (alpha carbon). 20 different amino acids. 3 groups: Nonpolar, polar, electrically charged |
| How do 20 amino acids differ? | Amino acids only differ in their "R" group (aka side chain) and can be as simple as one hydrogen atom (glycine) or can be a carbon skeleton with various groups attached (glutamine). |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent bond between amino acids, when carboxyl group of one AA is positioned next to the amino group of another, dehydration reaction forms this bond. This makes polypeptide chain. |
| Primary Structure of Protein | Unique sequence of amino acids, e.g. GPTGTESKCPLMVKVLDA... Linking is determined by inherited genetic information. |
| Secondary Structure of Protein | Coiled or folded patterns that contribute to overall shape. Result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone. 2 structures Alpha Helix and Beta-pleated sheet. |
| Alpha Helix | Delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid. |
| Beta Pleated Sheet | Structure where two or more regions of polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the 2 parallel polypeptide backbones. |
| Tertiary Structure | This is the overall shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions between side chains (R group) of the various AA's. Hydrophobi Reactions, disulfide bridges. |
| Hydrophobic Reaction | As polypeptide folds into its shape, AA's with nonpolar side chains usually end up as clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water. Van der Waals reactions help hold together. |
| Disulfide Bridges | Covalent bonds that form where to cysteine monomers (aa's with sulfhydryl groups, -SH) on their side chains are brought close together, S of one cysteine bonds with S of another. (-S-S-) |
| Quaternary Structure | Overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide subunits. Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains aggregated into one functional macromolecule. Not all proteins get to this level. |
| What enables phospholipids to form a bilayer in water? | The fact that they have to distinct ends, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic, once they are subjected to water, they form a bilayer with phosphate groups facing water thus shielding the hydrocarbon tails. |
| What gives macromolecules/polymers their diversity in functions? | The diversity of polymers is in their arrangement of their monomers (about 40~50 common ones), there is all different sizes of the linear chains of monomers and different arrangements = infinite possiblities. |
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