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Higher Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What molecule controls each step in a metabolic pathway | An enzyme |
| What type of reaction releases energy | catabolic |
| when amino acids are converted into proteins/polypeptides this is catabolic/anabolic | anabolic |
| reactions involving biosynthesis are anabolic or catabolic | anabolic |
| when a substrate binds causing the active site to change shape this is termed | induced fit |
| an inhibitor that causes irreversible/permanent changes is called a competitive or non competitive inhibitor? | non competitive |
| an inhibitor that binds at the active site is called | competitive |
| an inhibitor that binds away from the active site is called | non competitive |
| how can the effects of a competitive inhibitor be reversed | increasing the substrate concentration |
| when the last product in a pathway builds up and inhibits further production this is termed | end product inhibition OR feedback inhibition |
| when starch is produced from glucose this is termed catabolic/anabolic | anabolic |
| glycolysis is an example of a catabolic Or anabolic reaction | catabolic |
| the three types of proteins in the membrane are called | pumps, pores and enzymes |
| what is the function of pumps | active transport |
| Give an example of an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae) | ATp synthase |
| what is meant by the energy investment stage in glycolysis | (2) ATP is required to PHOSPHORYLATE intermediates |
| what is meant by the energy payoff stage in glycolysis | more (4)ATP is made than required (2 ATP) -OR net gain 2 ATP |
| what happens during glycolysis | glucose converted into pyruvate |
| what is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in muscle cells | lactic acid/lactate |
| what is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in yeast OR plant cells | alcohol/ethanol AND carbon dioxide |
| where does glycolysis occur in a cell | cytoplasm |
| where does the kreb cycle occur | matrix of mitochondria |
| where does the electron transport chain occur | cristae of mitochondria |
| what is the 6C molecule called in the kreb cycle | citrate/citric acid |
| what is the 4c molecule called in the kreb cycke | oxaloacetate |
| what does pyruvate turn into in aerobic conditions | acetyl |
| what is the function of dehydrogenase | REMOVES H ions & electrons & passes to NAD to make NADH |
| what is the function of co enzymes | CARRY H ions and electrons to the electron transport chain |
| Name a co enzyme | NAD or FAD |
| what co enzyme is only found in the kreb cycle | FAD |
| what molecule only provides energy for glycolysis and not the kreb cycle - protein/fat/carbohydrate | carbohydrate |
| name an alternative respiratory substrate that provides energy for the kreb cycle | fat or protein |
| What is the advantage of compartmentalised membranes having large surface area/volume ratios | higher concenrtrations OR higher reaction rates |
| What molecule is inhibited during end product/feedback inhibitio | FIRST enzyme |
| Does the substrate or product have high affinity for the active site of the enzyme | substrate |
| what do enzymes do to activation energy | lower activation energy |
| what is activation energy | energy required to break bonds between reactants |
| Does a high substrate concentration promote the forward or backward reaction | forward |
| what is responsible for the correct orientation of the substrate into the enzyme | the active site |
| what happens to acetyl before it joins with oxaloacetate | it becomes acetyl CO A |
| what is the role of electrons in the electron transport chain | releases energy for H to be pumped across membrane |
| how is ATP made in the electron transport chain | H flows across ATP synthase causing it to make ATP from ADP & Pi |
| what is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain | Final H and electron acceptor (making water) |
| Name three products in the kreb cycle | ATP, carbon dioxide and NADH/FADH |
| where is most ATP made during cellular respiration | electron transport chain |
| How much ATP is produced during glycolysis | 2 ATP |
| what enzyme makes ATP | (ATP) synthase |
| In what two stages are NAD molecules converted into NADH | glycolysis and kreb cycle |
| what is regenerated during the Kreb Cycle | oxaloacetate (from citrate) |
| what is the electron transport chain | A collection of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Name two ways of measuring metabolic rate | oxygen used/time OR carbon dioxide given out/time OR heat produced/time |
| What type of organism has the highest metabolic rate? | birds |
| what is meant by an incomplete circulatory system | one ventricle |
| why are incomplete systems less efficient (2 marks) | mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (1 mark) less oxygen delivered to cells (for respiration) (1 mark) |
| what type of organism has a single circulatory system | fish |
| what type of circulatory system has an amphibian or reptile have | double incomplete |
| How many heart chambers are there in a double complete system | 4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricle |
| what type of organism has a higher metabolic rate - double incomplete or double complete | double complete |
| Name an organism that has a double complete system | bird or mammal |
| Name two adaptations of bird's lungs | 1. parabronchi 2. 1 directional gas exchange |
| what are parabronchi | tiny tubes that provide more efficient gas exchange than alveoli as there are no dead ends |
| what type of organism's internal environment varies upon the external environment | conformer |
| name two abiotic factors that a regulator can control | salinity, temperature, pH |
| when an organism's internal temperature is controlled by behavioural means is this a regulator or conformer | conformer |
| name a behavioural adaptation of an conformer | move into/out of sun |
| State a disadvantage of being a conformer | not adaptable to change/can only live in a narrow range of places |
| state a disadvantage of being a regulator | high metabolic costs |
| what is the temperature monitoring centre in mammals called | hypothalamus NOT brain |
| How is information communicated from the hypothalamus to the effector (Skin) | nerves |
| when do organisms vasodilate | when they are too hot |
| when do organisms contract their hair erector muscles | too cold |
| why sweat | to EVAPORATE water to cool down the body |
| why vasodilate | to increase BLOOD FLOW to increase HEAT LOSS BY RADIATION |
| why do hair erector muscles contract | to trap air by INSULATION |
| why shiver | to generate HEAT by muscle contraction |
| why increase metabolic rate | to generate heat |
| which type of organism has a very simple lung system with just a trachea and two air sacs | amphibians |
| Name a low oxygen habitat | high up on a mountain OR under sea |
| Name a physiological adaptation to low oxygen | produce more red blood cells (altitude) Partially deflate lungs/slow HR to reduce oxygen demand |
| A higher VO2 max indicates an individual is more/less fit | More fit |
| How do you work out VO2 max 40ml over 10mins and person weighs 40kg? | 40ml divide by 10 minutes = 4ml/min now divide by 40 = 0.4 ml/min/kg |
| If person A consumes 50ml of oxygen and weighs 100kg how do you work out their VO2? | 50/100 = 0.5ml/kg |
| What has 20% oxygen concentration in the atmoshere resulted in | organisms with MAXIMUM terrestrial body size |
| how could body size of terrestrial organisms be increased | increase atmospheric oxygen as this would sutain higher metabolic rate of bigger animals |
| what is negative feedback | change away from optimum result in corrective mechanisms that return conditions back to normal then TURN OFF |
| why is it important for mammals to thermoregulate (control body temperature) | to ensure high diffusion rates OR keep enzymes at optimum |
| Who has lower metabolic costs - conformer or regulators | conformers |
| what is the only way to avoid adverse conditions | migrate |
| name an advantage and disadvantage of avoiding adverse conditions | adv - avoid metabolic adversity by relocating disadv - costs energy to migrate |
| Name one technique for tracking migration | GPS/ tag & recapture/electronic tags |
| How do organism survive adverse conditions | undergo dormancy |
| What is dormancy | reducing metabolic rate (to survive adverse conditions) |
| what is the difference between predictive and consequential dormancy | predictive - dormancy BEFORE onset of adverse conditions consequential - AFTER onset of adverse conditions |
| What is hibernation | dormancy when temperatures are very low |
| What is aestivation | dormancy when temperatures are VERY high OR during droughts |
| Organisms that undergo torpor have high/low metabolic rates | high metabolic rates |
| Give an example of an organism that occurs torpor | bird/humming bird |
| Many environments vary beyond X and thus animals undergo dormancy. What is X | tolerable limits |
| What causes changes in environment beyond tolerable limits | cyclical OR unpredicatable changes |
| What is the importance of changes beyond tolerable limits | they do not allow for normal (high) metabolic rate so animals survive by underdoing dormancy or avoid by migration |
| what are the four stages of microbe growth | lag, log ,stationary, death |
| when the birth rate equals the death rate during microbe growth this is called | stationary |
| what happens during the lag phase | enzymes induced |
| what happens during exponential/log phase | population doubles with each round of cell division |
| what causes stationary phase | nutrients/oxygen running out OR toxic metabolites being produced |
| what causes death phase | nutrients/oxygen ran out OR toxic metabolites build up |
| How do you work out mean generation (doubling time) from a graph | read off a point on Y axis of graph e.g. 400 and note time. Double population to 800 and go to line and read off how long it took to get to 800. Subtract difference |
| what happens during secondary metabolism | bacteria confers ecological advantage by producing antibiotics |
| when is secondary metabolism in microbes | during stationary phase |
| when is primary metabolism in microbes | lag and exponential |
| what 4 conditions need to be controlled in a fermenter | sterility, temperature, oxygen concentration and pH |
| How do we control pH in fermenter | buffers |
| why do we control temperature in fermenter | to ensures enzymes are at their optimum |
| why do we use paddles in fermenter | for aeration/to mix solutions for even supply of nutrients |
| why do we use a water jacket/thermostat in fermenter | to control temperature |
| what term is given to migration that is natural and inherited | innate migration |
| what term is given to bacteria whose enzymes are not denatured by hot springs | extremophile |
| what substances are required to make microbes grow in a culture medium | energy source & simple and complex raw materials |
| Name a complex raw material required for microbe growth | vitamins OR fatty acids OR beef extracts |
| Name a simple raw material required for microbe growth | amino acids |
| Name an energy source required for microbe growth | light OR carbohydrate |
| Name two ways WILD microbes can be improved by lab techniques | mutagenesis, selective breeding or recombinant DNA technology |
| How do you selectively breed bacteria | exchange of plasmids by asexual reproduction |
| How do you selectively breed yeast | yeast can reproduce sexually creating new varieties of yeast |
| what is recombinant DNA technology | insert animal GENE into microbe to make animal PROTEIN |
| Name 4 genes found on vectors | ORI sequence, regulatory sequence, restriction sites AND marker (antibiotic resistance) genes |
| what is the function of an ORI sequence | for self replication of plasmid |
| what is the function of regulatory sequences | to control gene expression (which genes are OFF and which are ON) |
| what is the function of restriction sites | where endonuclease/restriction enzymes cut to leave specific sticky ends |
| what is the function of antibiotic resistance genes | in presence of antibiotics ONLY bacteria with antibiotic resistance plasmids SURVIVE. |
| what is the role of ligase | seals gene into plasmid |
| what is the role of endonuclease | cuts plasmid or gene leaving complementary sticky ends |
| Why use yeast rather than bacteria as a vector in recombinant DNA technology | proteins do not fold correctly in bacteria OR lack post translational modifications |
| why use bacteria at all in recombinant DNA technology if yeast is better at folding proteins | bacteria multipies very quickly |
| Why are safety genes introduced in microbes | to prevent growth outside lab |
| Name an ethical consideration of working with WILD microbes | they may escape and transfer genes into other microbes causing disease |
| Name a compound which can be added to a metabolic pathway to ensure an intermediate product is produced | inhibitor, pre cursor or inducer |
Created by:
kyle_academy
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