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Bio Lab- Ch 1
Echinoderms and Chordates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protosomes | Determinate cleavage; cell isolated at the 4 cell stage will form an in-viable embryo that lacks parts, doesn't have all the information in each. |
| Deuterostomes- | Indeterminate; if cells of the sea star are isolated at the 4 cell stage, each will grow up normally, all cells have all the information. |
| Phylum Echinodermata | Echinoderms form large phylum, lots of fossils because of CaCO3 in structure and presence of calcareous plates called a test, which often has spines, which gives name spiny skin. Presents radial symmetry. |
| Echinoderms as larvae are ----- symmetry, becoming ----- symmetric when they... | Bilateral symmetry; radially symmetric when they metamorphose into the adult. |
| Echinoderms are defined by their water vascular system which is... and does.. | Unique to there species; modified coelomic cavity. It carries nutrients to the digestive tract, supplies Oxygen to the cells and removes CO2, collects nitrogenous waste. Also baths organs in sea water so doesn't need Osmo reg. |
| Reproduction is sexual with separate sexes and in some species through... | fragmentation, displaying remarkable powers of regeneration. |
| Four classes of echinoderms: | Asteroidea (starfish); ophiuroidea (brittle stars); echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars); and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) |
| Class Asteroidea is ... | Spines are part of the underlying endoskeleton. Have small pincer like structures called pedicellaria, which let it groom itself. surrounding those are dermal papullae (which are gills/ waste ducts) madreporite, opening of water vascular system. |
| Sea stars (asteroidea) are what type of feeders, and use ... to catch their food. | Predators, using ambulacral grooves along their arms that are filled with tube feet to catch prey |
| Class Ophiuroidea | Brittle Stars, have slender arms attached to a central disc, very successful, if they loose an arm it just regenerate. |
| Class Echinoidea | (sea urchins and sand dollar). The endoskeleton is fused to a solid test, that in life are covered with spines to aide in movement and grasp objects for camo. |
| Class Holothurdoidea | (Sea cucumbers) MOst have no endoskeleton, with just elongated oral-aboral axis, to discourage predators they discharge part of the insides. |
| Phylum Chordata has three main characteristics present at some point in the organisms life cycle: | 1) Notochord (cartilaginous rod along axis of body giving support); 2) Pharyngeal gill slits and 3) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord |
| Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphylum: | Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Craniata |
| Sub Phylum Urochordata has.. | (sea squirts); small, filter-feedin, marine organisms. Adults are sessile, body made of tunic (like cellulose), has large pharygeal basket, made up phayrngeal gill slits. Larvae are free swimming with notochord, and hollow nerve cord. |
| Subphylum Cephalochordata | is lancelets. Small, eel-like, unprepossessing animals that spend much of their time buried in sand. Has dorsal fin, over inestine. Water drawn in through oral cirri & the velum into the pharynx. Has large liver at posterior end. Composed of myotosomes. |
| Subphylum Craniata | 15,000 species in 9 classes. Craniata (sometimes Craniota) is a proposed clade of chordate animals that contains the vertebrates. Craniata includes all animals with a skull, or cranium, as the name suggests. |
| Class Myxini | Hagfish are jawless fish that live on the ocean floor, feed on corpses. Secrete copious amounts of slimy mucous from slime glands on skin. |
| Class Cephalaspidomorphi (descriptions, basic features, habitats) | (lampreys- eelike-like fish with suck mouths, they are parasites and attach to open wound with horny rasping tongues. Very primitive single median fin, 7 gill slits. Larvea- amocoetes (adults-ocean; baby-river) |
| Class Cephalaspidorphi (short description) | jawless fish with sucking mouth |
| Class Chondrichthyes (description, first to have?, scales came from?) | Cartilaginous fishes, cartilaginous spine made up of individual disks called vertebrae. Jaws evolved by the forward migration and modification of the first pair of pharyngeal gill arches. Scales are dermal denticles, teeth evolved from these scales. |
| 3 Classes of Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) | Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes), actinistia (lobe-finned fishes), and Dipnoi (lungfish) |
| Class Actinopterygii (description) | Most successful group with 25000+ fish, skeleton system made of bone. Common names refers to thin, fibrous fins. |
| Class Actinistia (description & believed to be ..) | lobe-finned fishes, because the base of their fins are thick and muscular, more primitive than ray-fins, most extinct. Believe are ancestors to amphibians |
| Class Dipnoi | (lungfish) Live in arid habitats that experience seasonal droughts. Can live in a dormant state for months-years w/o access to water. Have lungs and gulp air when oxygen is gone. |
| Tetrapod | animals that have 4 legs |
| Class Amphibia, common name & repped by? | amphibians; represented by frogs, toads and salamanders |
| Amphibia (amphibians)- evolved? Habitat? Eggs? | walk on legs that evolved from fins, breath air through lungs as adults. Must live near water, skin is not covered with dead tissues so needs to remain moist. Eggs to must be laid in water |
| Amphibians under ... | metamorphosis, larval frogs/toads totally aquatic, with gills. Develop legs as mature. When they are ready to emerge, their gills regress, lungs develop. |
| amniotes | those who lay eggs |
| Class Reptilia includes | Includes four subclasses- Testudines (turtles), Lepidosauria (lizards and snakes), Crcodylia (Crocodylians) and Aves (birds). |
| Class Reptilia skin? | Completed terrestrial migration because skin is covered in horny epidermal scales, covered in keratin, whcih prevent water loss. |
| Class Reptilia eggs? | Reptile eggs evolved a cleidoic or amniotic egg: an embryo, surrounded by embryonic membranes floating in an aquatic medium protected by hard shell. |
| Subclass Aves and crocodylia form.. | along a distinct group of reptiles called archosaurs. Teeth in sockets, openings in skull in front of the eyes but behind the nostrils. Small openings in the jaw bone. Fourth ridge fro attaching muscle to the femur. |
| Subclass Aves has feathers which are | outgrowth of reptilian epidermal scales. They are endothermic and were originally used for insulation |
| Class Mammalia four defining characteristics | endothermic, hair evolved from scaly skin, mammary glands and four chambered heart. |
| 3 Major Groups of Mammals | Prototherian mammals, Metatherian mammals, and Eutherian mammals. |
| Protherian mammals- | (duck billed platypus and spiny echidnas) females lay eggs, similar to cleidoic eggs, but hatch in a few days. The poorly developed fetus clings to the fur on it mothers belly and sucks milk from hair, because no teats |
| Metatherian Mammals- | Marsupials (Possum, kangaroos, koalas) Give embryos at an early stage of development, which crawl to a marsupial pouch in whcih they attach to a teat to suckle and continue to develop. |
| Eutherian mammals | complete development in uterus, oxygen and nutrients pass from mother to uterus via the placenta. |
Created by:
kccroy
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