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CellBiology
Cell components descriptions and functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 Kingdoms of species | protista, monera, fungi, plants, animals |
| fluid mosaic model | describes the cell membrane as having a phospholipid bilayer. hydrophobic tails face inwards creating a water-free region. hydrophilic heads face outward. proteins and cholesterol move freely throughout the model forming the outer boundaries of a cell. |
| nucleus components and functions | nuclear membrane (separates nucleus from cytoplasm); nucleolis (dense mass where rRNA is formed and stored); directs cell activities and houses DNA |
| Ribosome | site of protein synthesis. some float freely while others stud the rough ER. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | highly convoluted, 3D network of membrane enclosed spaces extending throughout the cytoplasm and enclosing a subcellular compartment (lumen of ER). the flattened branches are called cisternae and are continuous folds that join w/nuclear envelope. |
| RER | studded w/ribosomes that produce proteins. |
| Smooth ER | cisternae more tubular than flattened. continuous w/rough ER and site of lipid biosynthesis and metabolism of different drugs and toxins. |
| Golgi apparatus | package house of the cell. recieves vessicles from smooth ER, modifies, re-packages, and distributes them. cis side faces RER, trans side faces plasma membrane. vessicles first enter through cis side |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell. site of aerobic respiration. bounded by outer and inner phospholipid bilayer. inside it consists of membrane foldings-cristae that enclose areas of matrix where high energy yielding mechanisms take place. produces ATP |
| Cytoplasm | jellylike fluid w/in the cell that aids in transportation of vesicles and in maintaining the shape of the cell intact. it is the site of most of the metabolic activity occurring within the cell |
| Vacuole | membrane bound sacs used to transport and store in plants. function like lysosomes in animal cells in that it contains digestive enzymes and a lower overall pH so as to degrade materials entering from tonoplast. maintains shape due to turgor pressure. |
| Centrioles | active during cell division serve as base for spindle fiber outgrowth. otherwise are inactively positioned at 45 angle in centrosome. |
| cystoskeleton | framework of the cell. |
| Microtubules | hollow rods made of tubulin. make up the spindle fibers during cell division. contain proteins like kinesin, myosin, and dyeinin that split ATP and provide energy to create sliding motion that propels most actions w/in cell |
| Cilia/flagella | extensions of the cell membrane that are propelled by ATP to move and transport the cell. cilia present on tail of sperm propel it to fertilize the ovary. |
| Microfilaments | solid rods of actin that aid in movement and support. |
| How do plant cells differ from animal cells? | No centrosome, cell wall is made up of cellulose, chloroplasts are site of organic compound synthesis, no lysosomes, contain 1 large vacuole. |
| Hypertonic solution | more solute concentration outside cell therefore water will flow outside causing the cell to shrink in a process called plasmolysis |
| Hypotonic solution | solute concentration is higher inside the cell so water flows inside causing the cell to burst or lyse. |
| Anaerobic organisms | subdivision of eubacteria prokaryotes. do not require oxygen to survive. instead transfer electrons to nitrate, suflate or carbon dioxide. |
| Aerobic organisms | subdivision of eubacteria prokaryotes. require an oxygen rich environment to survive. transfer electrons to oxygen |
| Phototrophs and subdivisions | photo-"trap sunlight",troph-"nourishment". Autotrophs (obtain carbon from carbon dioxide) and heterotrophs (require organic nutrients) |
| Autotrophs | subdivision of photrophs. they obtain carbon from carbon dioxide and undergo photosynthesis. |
| Heterotrophs | subdivision of phototrophs .they require organic nutrients to survive and undergo photosynthesis. |
| Chemotrophs | All must get energy from nutrients |
| Lithotrophs | subdivision of chemotrophs. only consume inorganic nutrients and are chemical oxidizers. |
| Organotrophs | subdivision of chemotrophs. only consume organic nutrients and are chemical oxidizers. |
| Diazatrophs | the only organisms able to metabolically convert atmospheric nitrogen into biologically useful compounds thru nitrogen fixation. |
| Osmosis | The movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration |
| Endocytosis | Cell membrane invaginates forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium. involves pinocytosis and phagocytosis. |
| Pinocytosis | Ingestion of fluids or small particles |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing of large particles |
| Exocytosis | vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside. |
| Brownian movement | Kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell |
| Cyclosis or streaming | circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transports molecules |
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