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AP Bio Chapter 18
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Capsid | the protein shell that encloses the viral genome |
| viral envelopes | membranes cloaking the capsid |
| bacteriophages or phages | bacterial viruses |
| host range | when each type of virus can infect and parasitize only a limited range of host cells |
| lytic cycle | a viral reproductive cycle that culminates in death of the host cell |
| virulent virus | a virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle |
| lysogenic cycle | replicates the viral genome without destroying the host |
| temperate viruses | viruses that are capable of using both modes of reproducing within bacteria |
| prophage | a phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome |
| virul envelope | helps the parasite enter the host cell, generally a lipid i-layer with glycoproteins protruding from the outer surface |
| provirus | when the dna of some viruses become integrated into the cell's genome, similar to a bacterial prophage |
| RNA as a viral genetic material | RNA viruses are classified according to the strandedness of their RNA and how it functions in a host cell |
| retroviruses | when the genetic information flows in the reverse direction |
| reverse transcriptase | an enzyme which transcribes DNA from an RNA template, RNA-->DNA |
| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)& AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | a retro virus |
| vaccines | harmless variants or derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount against defences against the actual pathogen |
| viroids | naked circular RNA that infects plants |
| prions | infectious proteins |
| nucleoid | dense region of DNA not bounded by a membrane |
| transformation | the alteration og a bacterial cell's genotype by the uptake of naked foreign DNA from the surrounding environment |
| transduction | DNA transfer process when phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another, 2 types: General & Specialized |
| conjugation | the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined |
| F Factor | a fertility factor in bacteria, a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for cojugation and associated functionrequired for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. may exist as a plasmid or intergrated into the bacterial chromosome |
| plasmid | a small circular selfreplicating DNA molecule separate from bacterial chromosomes |
| episome | a genetic element that can replicate either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome |
| F plasmid | the F factor in its plasmid form which consists of 25 genes, most required for the production of sex pili |
| R plasmids | the genes referring to resistance |
| transposon | a piece of genetic DNA that can move from one loction to another in a cell's genome |
| insertion sequence | the simplest bacterial teasposon consisting of only the DNA necessary for the act of transpsition |
| operator | a segment of DNA that controls the access of RNA polymerase to the genes |
| operon | the entire stretch of DNA required for enzyme production for the tryptophan pathway |
| repressor | switch that with the help of a protein turns on and off the operon |
| regulatory gene | the repressor product of a gene |
| corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off |
| inducer | a specific small moleculethat inactivates the repressor |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | a small molecule which accumulates when glucose is absent |
| cAMP receptor protein (CRP) | the regulatory protein that is the activator of transcription |
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