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AP Biology_Ch 15

LCHS_AP Biology_Ch 15_Chromosomal Inheritance

TermDefinition
ANEUPLOIDY A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
BARR BODY A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.
DELETION (1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
DUPLICATION An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; doubling of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome.
GENETIC MAP An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
RECOMBINATION The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parents.
INVERSION An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, reattachment of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated, but in a reverse orientation.
LINKED Genes that are located on the same chromosome.
SEX-LINKED A gene located on a sex chromosome.
TRANSLOCATION An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome.
WILD TYPE An individual with the normal phenotype. (Morgan)
RECOMBINANT An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents.
MONOSOMIC A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be monosomic for that chromosome.
NONDISJUNCTION An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly.
POLYPLOIDY A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.
PARENTAL Offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
LINKAGE MAP A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. The greater the frequency of recombination the farther apart they are assumed to be. See also genetic map.
TRISOMIC A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome.
DOWN SYNDROME A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
GENOMIC IMPRINTING The parental effect on gene expression whereby identical alleles have different effects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm.
Created by: gtemple
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