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Embryology
First Aid: Embryology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In what week does the bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast form)? | Week 2 |
| In what week do we see the Gastrulation, formation of the primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate? | Week 3 |
| In what time frame is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens? | Weeks 3-8 |
| In what week does the heart begin to beat? | Week 4 |
| In what week do the limb buds form? | Week 4 |
| From what embryologic layer do the adenohypophysis and lens of eye develop? | Surface ectoderm |
| From what embryologic layer do the neurohypophysis and CNS neurons develop? | Neuroectoderm |
| From what embryologic layer do the ANS and cranial nerves develop? | Neural crest |
| From what embryologic layer does the gut tube epithelium develop? | Endoderm |
| What induces the ectoderm to form neuroectoderm and what is its postnatal derivative? | Notochord; develops into nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk |
| What embryologic layer forms the connective tissue, muscle,, bone, CV and various other visceral structures? | Mesoderm |
| What are the common mesodermal defects? | VACTERL: Vertebral defect, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal defects, and limb defects |
| What is the leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation in the U.S.? | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
| What teratogen causes renal damage? | ACE inhibitors |
| What teratogen predisposes to vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma? | Diethylstilbestrol (DES) |
| What teratogen causes congenital goiter or hypothyroidism? | Iodide |
| What teratogen causes limb defects? | Thalidomide; sedative and used to treat multiple myeloma |
| What teratogen is believed to be related to ADHD? | tobacco |
| Teratogenic anticoagulant? | Warfarin |
| What are the 3 major components of the umbilical cord and their functions? | Umbilical arteries (2) carry deoxygenated bloodd from fetus to placenta; Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta to IVC; allantoic duct removes nitrogenous waste |
| This embryonic structure gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk? | Truncus arteriosus |
| Forms smooth portions of left and righ ventricle? | Bulbus cordis |
| Forms trabeculated portions of ventricles? | Primitive ventricle |
| Forms trabeculated portions of atria? | Primitive atria |
| Forms left coronary sinus and smooth part of right atrium? | Left and right sinus venosus |
| Forms superior vena cava? | right common cardianl vein and right anterior cardinal vein |
| Which organs are responsible for fetal erythropoiesis? | Yolk sac (3-8 wks); Liver(6-30 wks); Spleen (9-28 wks);Bone marrow (28 wks on); Young Liver Synthesizes Blood! |
| Describe fetal circulation? | Umbilical vein -> ductus venosus -> IVC -> foramen ovale -> Aorta -> abdominal aorta -> umbilical arteris off internal iliac; Deoxygenated blood from SVC -> pulmonary artery -> ductus arteriosus -> joins oxygenated blood in descending aorta |
| This becomes the ligamentum teres hepatis? | umbilical vein |
| This becomes ligamentum arteriosum? | ductus arteriosum |
| This becomes the ligamentum venosum? | ductus venosum |
| This becomes the fossa ovalis? | foramen ovale |
| this becomes the median umbilical ligament? | Urachus (allantois) |
| Part of the allantoic duct between the bladder and umblicus? | urachas |
| Common carotid artery arises from what aortic arch? | 3rd |
| Subclavian arteries arise from this aortic arch? | 4thh |
| Major derivatives of branchial arch 1? | Meckel's cartilage (mandible, malleus, incus); muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids); CN V2 and V3 |
| Major derivatives of branchial arch 2? | Reicherts cartialge (stapes, styloid process); muscles of facial expression; CN VII |
| Major derivatives of branchial arch 3? | Greater horn of hyoid; stylopharyngeus; CN IX |
| Major derivatives of branchial arches 4? | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids (with 6); most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid; CN X (superior laryngeal branch) |
| Major derivatives of branchial arches 6? | thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids (with 4); all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch) |
| What nerves control the tongue? (taste, sensation, and motor?) | Taste: ant 2/3 is VII, post 1/3 is IX; Sensation: ant 2/3 is V2V3, post 1/3 is IX; Motor: XII |
| What develops into the external auditory meatus? | 1st branchial cleft |
| What branchial pouches contribute to the parathyroids? | 3rd pouch (inferior parathyroids) and 4th pouch (superior parathyroids) |
| What branchial pouch develops into the thymus? | 3rd pouch |
| What is the result of aberrant 3rd and 4th pouch development? | DiGeorge syndrome; thymic aplasia -> t-cell deficiency, and failure of parathyroid development -> hypocalcemia |
| What is the foramen cecum? | Normal remant of thyroglossal duct |
| What causes cleft lip? | falure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes |
| What causes cleft palate? | failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes, nasal septum, and/or median palatine processes |
| What is an annular pancreas? | ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds abnormally encircling duodenum, may cause duodenal narrowing |
| What are the 3 embryologic kidneys and when do they function? | Pronephros (week 4), mesonephros (first trimester), metanephros (permanent) |
| Which ducts develop into male and female sexual anatomy? | Mesonephric (wolffian) duct become masculine; Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct become feminine |
| What inhbits paramesonephric development and what secretes it? | Mullerian inhibiting substance, excreted by the testes |
| What are the genital homologues developed from the genital tubercle? | Glans penis and glans clitoris |
| What are the genital homologues developed from the urogenital sinus? | Men: corpus spongiosum, bulbourethral glands, and prostate gland; Women: vestibular bulbs urethral and paraurethral glands |
| What are the genital homologues developed from the urogenital folds? | ventral shaft of penis and labia minora |
Created by:
rahjohnson
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