Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Chapter 1
Stack #198066
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell |
| Homeostasis | maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or organism by self-regulating mechanisms |
| Living things: | acquire materials and energy, respond,reproduce and develop, have adaptations, |
| Diversity of life | tremendous diversity in form and function but underlying similarities reveal relatedness 1. dna 2. photosynthesis 3. respiration all organisms descended, or eveolved, from a common ancestor |
| ecological organization | Population, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
| population | individuals of the same species in a given area |
| community | populations of different species in a given area |
| order of organization | Small molecules, large molecules, cells, tissues,organs, organ systems, complex organisms |
| adaptations | modifications that allow a species to live successfully in its environment |
| Underlying relatedness | dna, photosynthesis, respiration |
| ecosystem | interaction of communities with the abiotic environment |
| biosphere | land, sea, air and all organisms on earth |
| how oragnisms are classified | taxonomy, groups organisms into categories and explains eveolutionary relationships |
| Taxonomy | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Three domains of living organisms | Archaea - prokaryotic Bactieria - prokaryotic Eukarya - eukaryotic |
| prokaryotic | unicellular, no membrane bound nucleus |
| eukaryotic | unicellular or multicellular membrane bound nucleus |
| archaea | live in extreme(aquatic) environments Anoxic (no oxygen) high salinity high temperature |
| anoxic | no oxygen |
| eukarya is divided into four kingdoms | Protista, Fungi, Anamalia, Plantae |
| Binomial classification (scientific names) | Genus and Species Humans genus=Homo species=Homo Sapiens |
| Scientific Method Steps | Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results, Conclusion |
| Scientific Theory | when many experiments and observations support a theory |
| Experiments typically have two groups | Treatment group Control group |
| Analysis by statistics | Used in scientific experiments |
| What is matter | anything that takes up space and has mass composed of elements such as Carbon and Hydrogen(cannot be broken down) |
| Composition of elements in Human | Oxygen 65, carbon 18, hydrogen 10, Nitrogen 5, calcium 2, phosphorus 1.1, other elements including sulfur .9 |
| composition of elements in earth's crust | Oxygen 46.6, silicon 27.7, aluminum 8.1, iron 5, calcium 3.6, sodium 2.8, potassium 2.6, magnesium 2.1, other elements 1.5 |
| mass number | number of the neutrons and protons added together |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| isotope | atom with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| decay | the nucleus of an isotope can be unstable and may disintergrate or decay |
| decaying isotopes | emit radiation |
| uses of radioactive isotopes | tracers to track a substance, sterilize medical and dental instruments, kill cancer cells, carbon dating |
| octet | when the outer valence shell is most stable when filled 8 electrons |
| molecule | a group of atoms bound to one another usually with more than one element |
| compound | a group of molecules |
| ions | charged atoms(gained or lost electrons) |
| Ionic bonds | bound together with charge |
| covalent bonds | twoa toms sharing electrons to complete their valence shells |
| chemical reactions | reactants and products |
| Photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| All organisms are __________ water | 70-90 percent water |
| water | all organisms are 70-90 % water, it's a life-supporting substance, it's a polar molecule |
| polar molecule | unequal sharing of electrons within a molecule |
| within water Oxygen is slightly _______ | negative |
| within water Hydrogens are slightly ________ | positive |
| hydrogen bond | is a bond between + H atom and a - atom |
| cohesion | when water molecules cling together with hydrogen bonds |
| properties of water | solvent, high surface tension, cohesive and adhesive, high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization, expands as it freezes- ice floats |
| what happens when water dissociates | releases an equal number of ions... hydrogen ions(H+) Hydroxide ions (OH-) H - O - H ======== H+ + OH- |
| Acidic solutions have a ____ H+ concentration | high |
| Acidic solutions release ______ when dissolved in water | H+ |
| Basic solutions have a _____ ___ concentration | low H+ |
| Basic solutions release _______ when dissolved in water | OH- |
| ph | The number of H+ ions in a solution |
| PH scale | ranges from 0 (high acidity) to 14 (strong basicity) |
| neutral PH | 7, tears, purewater |
| list of PH from greatest acidity to neutral | hydrochloric acid 0, stomach acid 1, lemon juice 2, coca cola beer vinegar 3, tomatoes 4, black coffee 5, urine 6, saliva 6.9 |
| list of PH from greates basisity to neutral | sodium hydroxide 14, oven cleaner 13, bicarbonate of soda 12, ammonia 11, great salt lake 10, baking soda, stomach antacids 9, seawater 8, human blood 7.2 |
| buffer | chemicals that keep a PH within a given range by taking up extra H+ or OH- from solution |
| sodium bicarbonate | buffer system regulating our blood |
| Organic molecules | contain C and H |
| Inorganic chemistry | chemistry of the nonliving world |
| Organic chemistry | chemistry of the living world |
| The carbon atom | 6 electrons 4 in outer shell, can bond with 4 other elements. Shares electrons with other elements found in living organisms(CHNOPS) |
| hydrocarbons | stable chains of carbon bound to H, hydrophobic |
| isomers | carbon molecules with the same number and kind of atoms but in different arrangements (eg galactose and fructose are isomers of glucose) |
| heptane | 7 carbon straight chain gas burns rapidly |
| isooctane | 8 carbon branched chain burns slower |
| carbon skeleton or backbone | carbon chain of an organic molecule |
| Functional groups | attacked functional groups on carbon chain determine reactivity of that molecule |
| Hydroxyl | Functional group with structure R - O - H hydrophilic alchohols, sugars |
| Carboxyl | functional group with structure O || R-C | O | H amino acids, fatty acids |
| Amino | H | R-N | H Amino acids, proteins |
| sulfhydryl | R-S-H Amino acid, cysteine, proteins |
| phosphate | H | O | R-O -P- O-H || O ATP, nucleic acids |
| What organic mulecules are cells made of? What do cells need to survive? | answer question |
| Orangic Molecules of Cells four categories of macromolecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids |
| dehydration reaction | synthesis |
| hydrolysis reaction | break down |
| Synthesis | Monomer with OH bonds creates polymer with O bonds plus water. (dehydration reaction) |
| break down | polymer with O bonds adds waters and creates Monomer with OH bonds (hydrolysis reaction) |
| carbohydrates | source of energy, provides structure |
| monosaccharide | single sugar molecule |
| disaccharide | two sugar molecules bound together |
| monosaccharides | glucose, ribose and deoxyribose |
| glucose | an important energy source monosaccaride |
| ribose and deoxyribose | five carbon sugars(found in RNA and DNA) monosaccarides |
| Disaccharides | Maltose, sucrose |
| maltose | required for alcohol production during fermentation disaccharide |
| sucrose | table sugar disaccharide |
| polysaccharides | polymers of monosaccharides, short term energy storage molecules, plants-glucose as starch, animals-glucose as glycogen |
| starch | Polysaccharide glucose used as short term storage for plants |
| glycogen | polysaccharide glucose used as short term storage for animals |
| polysaccharides also function as ____ _____ | structural molecules |
| cellulose | polysaccharide in cell walls of plants(most abundant polysaccharide on earth) |
| chitin | forms the exoskeleton of crabs, lobsters and insects |
| Lipids | insoluble in water (hydrophobic), fats and oils, phospholipids, sterols |
| Fats and oils | used for long term energy storage Lipid |
| Phospholipids | components of the membranes that surround cells Lipid |
| Sterols or steroids | -includes hormones (chemicals that send signals throughout the body) Lipid |
| Fats And Oils contain 2 subunits | 1. Glycerol: three polar -OH groups 2. Fatty acids: long chain hydorcarbons |
| Triglyceride | three fatty acids attached to a glycerol = "fat" |
| Glycerol | three polar OH groups one of 2 subunits of fats and oils |
| H | H-C-OH | | H-C-OH | | H-C-OH | H | glycerol (drop the 3Hs of glycerol and stick them to the now straight fatty acid ends which loses it's HO) Fatty lost a HO |
| O H H H \\ | | | C-C-C-C ect... -R / | | | HO H H H | fatty acids (takes 3 to do Glycerol + 3 fatty acids = a Fat plus 3 H20 |
| Fatty Acids contain ____ | most contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms. |
| Saturated fatty acids | no double bonds between C atoms |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | at least one double bond between C atoms |
| unsaturated fatty acids are what geometry thing | a bend caused by the double carbon bond |
| saturated fatty acids are what geometry thing | straight (has carboxyl group on end then just straight no double C bonds |
| Fatty acids types of Oil in order | Canola oil, safflower oil, olive oil, beef fat, butter, coconut oil however saffolower oil has most polyunsaturated fat cholesterol is only present in beef fat then double in butter |
| phospholipids have what head and tail | a polar hydrophilic phosphate group(head), a nonpolar hydrophobic lipid group(tail) |
| R | O=P-O | O | | phosphate group (polar head of a phospholipid) |
| Sterols | 4 fused hydrocarbon rings with different functional groups attached |
| Cholesterol | animal cell membranes |
| testosterone and estrogen | sex hormones |
| anabolic steroid | synthetic testosterone |
| LDL vs HDL cholesterol | Find Answer |
| H3C CH3 \ /\/\/ | \CH3 | (CH3) HR HR Hydrocarbon ring, HR / HO | cholesterol |
| OH | (CH3) HR HR Hydrocarbon ring, HR // O | testosterone |
| OH | (CH3) HR HR Hydrocarbon ring, HR / HO | estrogen |
| protein functions | 1. Support keratin and collagen provide structure 2. Metabolism - enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 3. Transport hemoglobin transports oxygen 4. Defense: antibodies defend 5. Regulation: insulin regulates glucose levels 6. Motion Actin and Myosin |
| Keratin and _________ | keratin and collagen provide structure (support function of proteins) |
| Metabolism | enzymes which speed up chemical reactions (metabolism function of proteins) |
| Transport | hemoglobin transports oxygen (transport function of proteins) |
| Defense | antibodies defend the body from disease (defense function of proteins) |
| Regulation | insulin regulates glucose levels (regulation function of proteins) |
| Motion | Actin and Myosin in muscle cells allow muscles to contract (motion function of proteins) |
| Amino Acids | subunits of proteins |
| Three elements to Amino Acids structure | amino (-NH2) group carboxyl (-COOH) group R (Residual) group |
| H | H2N-C-COOH | R | the three elements of amino acid structure |
| How many different amino acids are there? | 20 different ones |
| Peptides | two or more amino acids linked together |
| Polypeptide | a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| primary structure | proteins amino acid sequence |
| secondary structure | polypeptide can change to a coil in a spiral helix or fold into a pleated sheet |
| secondary structure can also (tertiary structure) | fold and twist into a rounded 3d shape called tertiary structure |
| quaternary structure | more than one polypeptide |
| when a protein loses all the levels of structure it is _________ | denatured |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA, RNA polymers of nucleotides |
| DNA | dexyribonucleic acid = genetic material |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid = helper to DNA |
| What are Nucleotides 3 parts? | a phosphate group PO4 negative a 5 carbon sugar a nitrogen containing base |
| P nitrogen containing base \ / Sugar | nucleotide |
| DNA 4 bases | G,C,A,T G with C A with T |
| might need to draw the fuckin 4 DNA bases | wtf |
| RNA 4 bases | G, C, A, U Uracil is RNA only |
| G | Guanine |
| C | Cytosine |
| A | Adenine |
| T | Thymine |
| Structural differnces between DNA and RNA | the 5 carbon sugar -deoxyribose in DNA -Ribose in RNA 2)DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded 3)DNA has Thymine(T) RNA has Uracil(U) |
| The DNA is present in a ____ _____ | triplet code |
| In DNA every 3 bases stands for ___ ___ ___ | one amino acid |
| Current uses of DNA extraction | human genome project paternity tests crime scene investigations diversity and evolutionary studies in animal biology |
| What is the relationship between Proteins and Nucleic Acids | Order of amino acids dtermines a protein shape and function. DNA = instructions of sequence of amino acids |
| errors in DNA can change function of encoded protein example: | sickle cell anemia |
| cell theory | all organisms are composed of cells cells come only from preexisting cells |
| what is the structure of a cell membrane? | Plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer |
| Phospholipid bilayer | -polar heads face twoard the inside and outside of cell(hydrophilic) -nonpolar tails face inward(hydrophobic) |
| how do substances cross membranes? | plasma membrane is selectively permeable movement of some substances via diffusion(O2, CO2, water) Membrane protein carriers |
| types of membrane proteins | Channel proteins, transport proteins, cell recognition proteins, receptor proteins, enzymatic proteins, junction proteins |
| channel proteins | simple protein pores type of membrane protein |
| transport proteins | binds with substances to assist movement type of membrane protein |
| cell recognition proteins | glycoproteins with several functions (eg recognition of pathogens) type of membrane protein |
| Receptor proteins | can only bind specific signal molecules type of membrane protein |
| Enzymatic proteins | carry out chemical reactions type of membrane protein |
| junction proteins | connect cells to each other and allow communication type of membrane protein |
| Prokaryotic cells | lack membrane-bound organelles |
| Eukaryotic cells | have membrane-bound organelles |
| what were among the first organisms on the earth that live in a wide variety of environments | Prokaryotic Cells bacteria, archea |
| bacteria, archea | prokaryotic cells |
| bacteria | some cause harmful diseases some are beneficial decompose dead remains manufacture chemicals for human use important component on human foods |
| Bacterial structure | Cell membrane, a cell wall and a capsule(polysaccharides) DNA in the Nucleoid robosomes |
| Flagella | movement (bacterial structure) |
| Fimbriae | small bristlelike fibers that allow attachment to surfaces (bacterial structure) |
| Sex Pili | transters DNA from one bacteria to another (bacteria structure) |
| Eukaryotic cells | has organelles, and includes a membrane bound nucleus |
| organelles | membrane-bound inner compartments, part of eukaryotic cells |
| Four categories of organelles: | 1. Nucleus and ribosomes 2. endomembrane system 3. energy-related organelles 4. cytoskeleton |
| Nucleus communicates with ______ to control protein systhesis | ribosomes |
| Nucleus contains ________ | contains chromatin which is composed of DNA (also some protein and RNA) |
| Chromatin strands condense during cell division to form visible _______ | chromosomes |
| nuclear membrane | seperates nucleus from cytoplasm |
| nuclear pores | RNA out of nucleus proteins into the nucleus |
| Role of RNA | Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| Messenger RNA | -carries information for amino acid sequence -helper to DNA (mRNA) |
| Ribosomal RNA | rRNA forms subunits of ribosomes produced in nucleolus assembled in the cytoplasm |
| Transfer RNA | tRNA Carries amino acids to ribosomes |
| Ribosomes are found in different locations | cytoplasm (free ribosomes) attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| Proteins made from free ribosomes are used in the _____ | cytoplasm |
| Proteins made from attached ribosomes (to ER are deposited in the ________ | endoplasmic reticulum |
| four processes of ribosomes (explain how it works) 1 and 2 | 1. mRNA is produced in teh nucleus but moves through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. 2. In the cytoplasm the mRNA and ribosomal subunits join, and polypeptide synthesis begins. |
| four processes of ribosomes (explain how it works) 3 and 4 | 3. After a ribosome attaches to a receptor on the ER the polypeptide enters teh lumen of the ER. 4. At termination, the polypeptide becomes a protein. The ribosomal subunits disengage, and the mRNA is released. |
| Endomembrane system: four components (in order of how proteins and lipids are made and processed) | nuclear membrane endoplasmic reticulum (ER) golgi apparatus vesicles |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | system of membranous channels and flattened vesicles packages products in transport vesicles rough ER: with ribosomes synthesizes proteins smooth ER synthesizes lipids |
| rough ER | has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins |
| smooth ER | synthesizes lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | -consists of numerous flattened vesicles -receives protein transport vesicles from ER and packages them in new vesicles -directs new vesicles to protein's location |
| lysosomes | Golgi vesicles that digest molecules within the cell -participate in apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| vacuoles | membranous sacs larger than vesicles. -vacuoles can store nutrients, ions, or other molecules |
| Energy related organelles | Mitochondria, chloroplasts |
| Mitochondria | -in all eukaryotic cells -break down carbohydrates to produce adenosine triphosphate(ATP) |
| Chloroplasts | -in photosynthetic eukaryotes -use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates (via photosynthesis) |
| 4 things about chloroplasts | -in photosythetic organisms -site of photosynthesis -surrounded by two membranes (inner and outer) -large inner space is the stroma |
| Stroma contains two components | enzymes thylakoids (stroma is the large inner space of a chloroplast |
| Thylakoids | disk like stacks (grana) containing pigments that capture light |
| Mitochondria | the power house of a cell (ATP) -surrounded by a double membrane -cristae = folds of inner membrane (increase surface area) encloses matrix(space) -site of cellular respiration: produce ATP energy |
| the Cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments and tubules(from nucleus to plasma membrane) maintains cell shape |
| the three components of cytoskeleton | Actin filaments microtubules intermediate filaments |
| Actin filaments | supports the cell (and microvilli) involved in muscle contraction and cell division |
| Microtubules | centrosome organizes center of cells |
| intermediate filaments | intermediate in size support nucleus and plasma membrane |
| Centrioles | -short cylinders in the centrosome -involved in chromosome movement in cell division |
| Cilia and Flagella | hairlike projections for movement differ in size but similar in construction |
| Outside the Eukaryotic Cell | most cells have external or extracellular structures (junctions) |
| Junctions between cells three types: | Adhesion junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions |
| Adhesion junctions: | connected by intercellular filaments. In heart, stomach and bladder. |
| Tight junctions | connect cells like zippers. -kidney cells |
| Gap junctions | form when two identical plasma membrane channels join. -heart cells and smooth muscle cells |
| extracellular matrix | is a meshwork of proteins and plysaccharides. eg collagen and elastic fibers examples cartilage: very flexible bone: hard (mineral salts deposited outside cell) |
| be able to label a diagram of cell | do it |
| Energy is | the capacity to do work. |
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| where does energy come from | the sun |
| measuring energy | in joules food energy in calories |
| calorie | amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree C food kilocalories 1000 calories = 1 calorie |
| Energy transformation: Two laws of thermodynamics | energy conservation, entropy= the tendency toward disorder |
| Energy conservation | first law of thermodynamics, -energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can change from one form to another |
| Entropy | 2nd law of thermodynamics, -energy transformations result in a loss of usable energy (as heat) -heat is disordered (entropy) |
| where does cellular energy come from | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| ATP structure | -sugar ribose -nitrogenous base adenine -3 phosphate groups (energy stored in phosphate bonds) |
| ATP cycle | -continual breakdown and regeneration - from carbohydrates and fats (the breakdown of glucose by cellular respiration) |
| ADP + P | ATP Cycle |
| Energy flow | Chloroplasts use solar energy for photosynthesis Cellular respiration (energy) produced in mitochondria |
| metabolic pathways | E1 E2 A -> B -> C reactants or substrates (A,B) products (B,C) Enzymes (E) catalyze chemical reations |
| activation energy | -molecules must be activated for a chemical reaction -energy of activation (Ea) -Enzymes lower Ea |
| The active site of an enzyme | -substrate binds in a lock and key fashion -induced fit model -slight change in active site when substrate attaches |
| enzyme inhibition | occurs when an active enzyme is prevented from binding to a substrate by an inhibitor- -cyanide blocks ATP synthesis -Penicillin inhibits a specific bacterial enzyme |
| feedback inhibition | -used to regulate metabolic pathways -abundant products shut the synthesis pathway off |
| cell Transport | -plasma membrane is selectively permeable -substances can enter cells in three ways 1. passive transport 2. Active transport 3. Bulk transport |
| Passive transport | No energy required Simple diffusion- solute moves from high to low concentration occurs until equilibrium is reached |
| Facilitated diffusion | passive movement from high to low concentration with the assistance of membrane proteins |
| Osmosis | passive diffusion of water solvent (water) moves across the membrane (instead of solute) |
| Isotonic Solution | normal cells (red blood cells) normal cell (plant cell) |
| Hypotonic solution | Red blood cells burst plant cells become normal turgid cell |
| Hypertonic solution | shriveled blood cells Plant cells shrink from cell wall=plasmolysis |
| Active transport | energy required- -molecules move against their concentration gradient (low to high concentration) -required energy and a membrane protein (pump) -mitrochondria provides ATP |
| Bulk Transport | Macromolecules -transported across membranes in vesicles -macromolecule transport in a vesicle |
| macromolecule transport in a vesicle out of a cell | exocytosis |
| macromolecule transport in a vesicle into a cell | endocytosis |
| Types of endocytosis | -phagocytosis- large particle eg white blood cell engulfing bacteria -pinocytosis a liquid or small particle -Receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor protein binds to a molecule (liver cells take in dietary cholesterol from blood) |
| Photosynthesis | transforms solar energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates)..... Occurs in Chloroplasts.... Plants, algae, cyanobacteria.... Food and fuel (coal, wood) |
| Flowering Plants | Green portions of plants carry out photosynthesis.... CO2 enters leaves through stomata..... Roots absorb water.... CO2 and water diffuse to the chloroplast.. |
| Chloroplasts | site of photosynthesis, surrounded by two membranes (inner and outer).. The large inner space is the stroma. |
| What two components do the stroma contain? | -enzymes, -thylakoids |
| Thylakoids | disk-like stacks (grana) containing pigments that capture light |
| 6C02(carbon dioxide) + 6H2O(water) ----> C6H12O6(glucose) + 6O2)oxygen | CO2 undergoes reduction(loses an oxygen) H2O undergoes oxidation(gains an oxygen) |
| Photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions: | -Light reactions -Calvin cycle reactions (or "carbon reactions") |
| Light reactions: | -Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy, which energizes electrons.... -water reactant; oxygen produced...... -produces ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin cycle reactions: | -CO2 is taken up by a substrate (RuBP).... -ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate (glucose) |
| visible light | form of energy that gets through the earth's atmosphere |
| Solar energy | wavelength and energy content |
| Photosynthetic pigments | chloroplast pigments absorb and reflect visible light |
| Two primary Photosynthetic pigments: | 1. Chlorophylls.. 2. carotenoids... |
| chlorophylls | one of two primary phtosynthetic pigments which: -absorb violet, red and blue wavelengths... -reflect green |
| Carotenoids | one of two primary phtosynthetic pigments which: -absorb violet-blue-green range... -reflect yellow-orange wavelengths.. |
| summer colors: | Warm weather lots of daylight much chlorophyll is produced, leaf absorbs all colors of light but green and green is reflected in the leaf. |
| Fall colors | Cool weather, little sunlight, little chlorophyll is produced.. leaf absorbs all colors but yellow to orange... yellow to orange is reflected in the leafs. |
| The light reaction pathway uses two photosystems | PSII and PSI |
| A photosystem consists of: | -pigment complex... -special chlorophyll pigment (reaction center).. -electron acceptor molecules.. |
| Photosystem II and I | -absorb solar energy.. -energized electrons passed to electron acceptors in the electron transport train.. -produce ATP and NADPH |
| Steps of light reactions: | PSII - splits a water molecule to remove electrons and produce oxygen... energized e- sent to e- acceptors down an electron transport chain.. (PSI) e- lost from PSI are replaced from electron transport chain.. then passes e- along with H+ to NADP->NADPH |
| PSII, PSI, and the electron transport chain are located within the ____ ____ | thylakoid membrane |
| How is ATP in photosynthesis formed? | Hydrogen Ion gradient is formed in the thylakoid space... -oxidation of water by PSII adds H+.. e- energy from electron transport chain is used to pump H+.. -H+ gradient is used to produce ATP.. H+ released through ATP synthase complex |
| NADPH production: | NADPH formed by NADP+ accepting electrons and picking up H+ after PSI |
| Calvin Cycle Reactions | -series of reactions that produce carbohydrates from CO2 |
| Three steps of Calvin Cycle Reactions | 1. CO2 fixation.. 2. CO2 reduction... 3. Regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) |
| Key molecules of the Calvin Cycle | -RuBP which is ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate.. -3PG which is 3-phosphoglycerate.. -BPG which is 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.. -G3P which is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.. |
| What happens during 1. Carbon Dioxide Fixation? | -3CO2 from the air is attached(fixed) to 3 RuBP.. Then the enzyme Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase oxygenase) splits the 6 carbon molecule to two 3-carbon molecules |
| What happens during 2. Carbon Dioxide Reduction? | a series of reactions.. -electrons and energy from NADPH and ATP convert 3-carbon molecules to a carbohydrate. WHERE DOES NADPH and ATP COME FROM? |
| What happens during 3. Regeneration of RuBP? | -product of the calvin cycle= glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).. -G3P is used to make glucose.. -G3p is also used to make RuBP (required for the fixation of carbon dioxide) |
Created by:
lunch7
Popular Biology sets