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Microbiology Ch. 14
Microbe-Human Interactions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Symbiosis | living together have these relationships with countless microorganisms |
| Types of symbiosis | Mutualism commensalism parasitism |
| Mutualism | both benefits |
| Commensalism | benefits one and neither benefits nor harms the other |
| Parasitism | benefits one and the other is harmed |
| Normal (resident) flora/indigenous flora | microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations ration of cells: 10:1 |
| Infection | a condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply |
| Infectious disease | an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs |
| Normal flora/indigenous microbiota | organisms that colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease |
| Normal flora is... | essential to the health of humans |
| Flora create... | an environment that may prevent infections and can enhance host defenses |
| What may alter flora? | antibiotics, dietary changes, and disease |
| Probiotics | introducing known microbes back into the body |
| Opportunistic pathogens | normal flora that cause disease under certain circumstances |
| Conditions that provide opportunities for opportunistic pathogens? | -introduction of normal flora into unusual site in body -immune suppression -changes in the normal flora ----changes in relative abundance may allow opportunity for a member to thrive and cause disease |
| Reservoirs of infection | sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection |
| 3 types of reservoirs | Animal reservoirs Human carriers Nonliving reservior |
| Zoonoses | diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans (MAJORITY OF HUMAN INFECTIONS) |
| Acquire zoonoses through various routes... | -direct contact with animal or its waste -eating animals -vectors |
| Vector | a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another |
| Majority of vectors are? | anthropods: fleas, mosquitos, flies, and ticks |
| Biological vectors | actively participate in a pathogen's LIFE CYCLE |
| Mechanical vectors | not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and MERELY TRANSPORTS it without being infected |
| Human carriers | infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others -some individuals eventually develop illness while others never get sick |
| Nonliving reserviors | soil, water, fomites, and food can be reservoirs of infection |
| Fomites | inademiate object -cell phone |
| Pathogenicity | ability of a microorganism to cause disease |
| Virulence | -look @ structure & chemistry help to be pathogenic -factors contribute to pathogenicity: Adhesion factors biolfims extracellular enzymes toxins antiphagocytic factors |
| Infectious dose | -minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed -microbes with smaller IDs have greater virulence |
| Infectious diseases five stages | -incubation period -prodromal period -illness -decline -convalence |
| Incubation period | no sign/symptom-pathogen colonized |
| Prodromal period | feel under the weather, not typical sign |
| illness | really feel it, signs/symptoms |
| decline | get better |
| Localized Infection | microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue |
| Systematic infection | infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream |
| Focal infection | when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues |
| Mixed infection | several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site-POLYMICROBIAL |
| Primary infection | initial infection |
| Secondary infection | another infection by a different microbe |
| Acute infection | comes on rapidly, with sever but short-lived effects |
| Chronic infections | progress and persist over a long period of time |
| epidemiology | the study of where and when diseases occur, and how they are transmitted |
| Mortality rate | total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease |
| Morbidity rate | number of people afflicted with a certain disease |
| Prevalence | number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time |
| Sporadic | when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals |
| Endemic | disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale |
| Epidemic | when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected |
| Pandemic | epidemic across countries and continents |
Created by:
KatelynnJoy
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