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Microbiology Ch. 4
Laboratory Methods
Term | Definition |
---|---|
General principles of microscopy | wavelength of radiation magnification resolution contrast |
magnification | an object is magnified in size so that it becomes visible to the observer |
resolving power (resolution) | the ability to see fine details to resolve 2 separate objects as distinct structures |
Total magnification of the final image | a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses -- power of objective x power of ocular= total magnification |
Contrast | -differences in intensity between two objects or between an object and a background -importance in determining resolution |
What increases contrast? | staining use of light that is in phase |
Compound microscopes | - series of lenses for magnification -light passes through specimen into objective lens -oil immersion lens increase resolution -have 1/2 ocular lens -most have condenser lens |
Total magnifaction= | magnification of objective lens x magnification of ocular lens |
Bright-field | most widely used, specimen is darker than surrounding field |
Dark-field | brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field |
Phase-control | transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular structures, very detailed viewing |
Flourescent microscope | -direct UV light source at specimen -specimen radiates energy back as a longer visible wavelength -UV light increases resolution and contrast -some cells are naturally fluorescent; others are stained with fluorescent dyes -used to identify pathogens a |
Confocal microscope | -use fluorescent dyes -use uv lasers to illuminate fluorescent chemicals in a single plane -computer constructs 3D image from digitalized image |
Electron microscope | -greater resolving power and magnification -magnifies 10000x to 100000x -detailed images of bacteria, viruses, internal cellular structures, molecules, and large atoms |
2 types of electron microscopes | transmission and scanning |
Staining | -increases contrast and resolution by coloring specimens with stains and dyes -smears of microorganisms (thin film) made prior to staining |
Examples of stains | Gram, acid-fast, endospore, capsule, flagellar |
Culture | visible (macroscopic) growth of organisms in or on a medium |
Colony | macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid surface; each arising from a single cell |
Pure culture | contains a single specimen |
Mixed culture | contains more than one specimen -when you know that you will have more than one species |
Contaminated culture | contains "unwanted" species |
Media can be classified according to 3 properties | physical state chemical composition functional type |
Physical state | liquid, semisolid, and solid |
Chemical composition | synthetic (chemically defined) and nonsynthetic (complex) |
Functional type | general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic, transport, assay, enumeration |
Liquid | broth; does not solidify |
Semisolid | viscous consistency; contains some solidifying agent |
Solid | firm surface for colony formation -contains solidifying agent |
Agar | -solidifying agent -a complex polysaccharide isolated from red algae -solid at room temp, liquefies at 100C, does not resolidify until it cools to 42C -provides framework to hold moisture and nutrients -not digestible for most microbes |
Fastidious | bacteria that require growth factors and complex nutrients |
Inoculation | introducing microorganisms into culture medium |
Incubation | providing a controlled environment for culturing (grows best at 37C) |
Identification of microbes | -biochemical assays -immune assays- can distinguish diff strands -nucleic acid fingerprints |