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Physical Geol Exam 1
First 1/3 of the semester
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientists who study the Earth and explore remote regions like Antarctica almost routinely | Geologists |
| Study of the Earth, focuses on determining Earth's composition, behavior, and history | Geology |
| Chemical elements pass in cycles between different types of rock, between rock and sea, between sea and air, and between all of these entities and life | Earth System |
| Large cracks separate this shell into these discrete pieces | Plates |
| Plates move very slowly relative to one another and that describes this movement and its consequences | Theory of Plate Tectonics |
| Method for defining the intervals of time | Geologic Time Scale |
| List all 4 major eons | HadeanArcheanProterozoicPhanerozoic |
| List the 3 eras from oldest to youngest that the Phanerozoic eon is divided into | PaleozoicMesozoicCenozoic |
| Every scientific idea must be constantly subjected to testing and possible refutation and can be accepted only when supported by documented observations | Scientific Method |
| The use of observation, experiment, and calculation to experiment how nature operates | Science |
| People who study and try to understand natural phenomena | Scientists |
| Possible explanation involving only naturally occurring processes that can explain a set of observations | Hypothesis |
| small, cone-shaped cracks fromeed only by meteorite impact | Shatter Cones |
| Scientific ideas supported by an abundance of evidence; they have passed many tests and have failed none | Theories |
| If these were violated, the universe as we know it would not exist | Scientific Laws |
| The workings of ourselves and all that surrounds us | Universe |
| Study of the overall structure of the Earth | Cosmology |
| Stars aren't randomly scattered through the universe; gravity holds them together in immense groups | Galaxies |
| Phenomenon in which the frequency of wave energy appears to change when a moving source of wave energy passes an observer | Doppler Effect |
| Theory that the whole Universe must be expanding because galaxies in every direction seem to be moving away from us | Expanding Universe Theory |
| A cataclysmic explosion that scientists suggest represents the formation of the universe; before this event, all matter and all energy were packed into one volumeless point | Big Bang |
| Patchy clouds of gas separated from one another by the vacuum of space | Nebulae |
| Point at which the central ball of accretion disk became hot enough to glow and at this point it becomes this... | Protostar |
| Sizable solid object oribiting a star and it may itself travel with a moon or even many moons | Planet |
| An object locked in orbit around a planet; all but two of the planets have them | Moon |
| Earth-like planets because they consist of a shell of rock surrounding a core of iron alloy as does Earth | Terrestrial Planets |
| Outer Planets | Gas-Giant Planets |
| Since this model involves the formation of our solar system out of a nebula...this is what is is called ____ ____ of Planet Formation | Nebula Theory |
| Bodies whose diameters exceeded about 1 km | Planetesimals |
| Bodies almost the size of today's planets | Protoplanets |
| In bodies who temperature rose sufficiently to cause melting, denser iron alloy separated out and sank to the center of the body, whereas lighter rocky materials remained in a shell surrounding the center | Differentiation |
| solid objects falling from space that land on earth | Meteorites |
| Interaction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere | Earth System |
| contains very little matter in a given volume--ex. interstellar space | vacuum |
| region affected by the force emanating from a magnet | Magnetic Field |
| An envelope of gas consisting overall of 78% Nitrogen, 21% oxygen, with minor amounts of Argon | Atmosphere |
| Surface water of Earth, along with groundwater, and water vapor in the atmosphere | Hydrosphere |
| Elevation | Togography |
| A solid substance in which atoms are arranged by an orderly pattern | Mineral |
| Aggregates of mineral crystals or grains and masses of natural glass | Rocks |
| grains that have not stuck together | Sediment |
| form when solid materials become hot and transform into a liquid | Melts |
| Not so dense composed of granite, basalt, gabbro, and other rocks | Crust |
| In between crust and core and is denser | Mantle |
| Very dense layer of the Earth | Core |
| ground shaking due to the sudden breaking of rocks in the Earth | Earthquake |
| Fracture on which sliding occurs | Fault |
| Rate of change in temperature with depth | Geothermal Gradient |
| crust-mantle boundary | Moho |
| atmospheric phenomenon-falling star-glowing streak | Meteor |
| Objects that strike the Earth | Meteorites |
| Consists of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle | Lithosphere |
| Portion of the mantle in which rock can flow | Asthenosphere |
| Study of Minerals | Mineralogy |
| Homogeneous, naturally occurring, solid substance with a definite chemical composition and an internal structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms in a crystalline structure | Mineral |
| imaginary framework representing the arrangement of atoms | Crystal Lattice |
| single, continuous, piece of a crystalline solid typically bounded by faces | Crystal |
| Flat surfaces the bound a crystal and grow naturally as the mineral forms | Crystal Faces |
| The way in which atoms are packed | Crystal Structure |
| Have same compositions but different crystal structures | Polymorphs |
| The shape of one part of a mineral is a mirror image of the shape of another part | Symmetry |
| mineral-lined cavity in rock formed when water solutions pass through the rock | Geode |
| Color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral along a ceramic plate | Streak |
| The way a mineral surface scatters light | Luster |
| A measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scratching and therefore represents the resistance of bonds to be broken | Hardness |
| Scale used to help in mineral identification and consists of Diamond, Corundum, Topaz, Quartz, Steel File, Orthoclase, Steel knife/glass, Apatite, Fluorite, Copper Penny, Calcite, Fingernail,gypsum,and talc | Mohs Hardness Scale |
| Represents the density of a mineral as specified by the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees celsius | Specific Gravity |
| Shape of a single crystal with well-formed crystal faces or to the character of an aggregate of many well-formed crystals that grew together as a group | Crystal habit |
| If a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure | Cleavage |
| smoothly curving, clam-shelled surfaces-typically form in quartz and glass | Conchoidal Fractures |
| Minerals composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron linked in various arrangements; most other elements too | Silicates |
| Another name for Silicates | Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron |
| Carbonate molecule serves as the anionic group and elements such as calcium and magnesium bond to this group and common examples include calcite and dolomite | Carbonates |
| cut and finished stone ready to be set in jewelry | Gem |
| ground and polished surfaces made with a machine | Facets |
| Diameter, Radius, and Circumference of Earth | 8,000, 4,000, and 25,000 miles |
| How old is the Earth? | 4.6 billion years |
| Mountains form long linear chains across the Earth's surface because of | Plate Tectonics |
| Mountains and Earthquakes go together because Earthquakes make | Mountains |
| The sun makes up how much mass of our solar system | 99% |
| How much mass is Jupiter? | 99% |
| Earth and sun are both how much bigger | 10X |
| How far from the Earth to the sun? | 93,000,000 miles |
| Colors of the Visible Spectrum | longer-ROYGBIV-shorter |
| Universe as we know it formed during the_____ ______. Briefly explain it. | Big Bang-All matter and energy contained at a point-Rapid expansion in all directions |
| How old is the universe? | 13 billion years old |
| How many naturally occurring elements? | 92 |
| How did simple elements form? | By the big band-cooling as universe expanded-hydrogen and helium formed |
| The energy of stars | Fusion |
| How do stars form? | Stars form from large clouds of H and He |
| When does fusion occur? | At high temperature and pressure-light atoms combine and make a heavier atom-energy is released-Creates heavier elements plus energy |
| Fusion only forms up to what element? | Iron |
| Explosion of a very large starProduce very high energy and creates elements heavier than iron | supernova |
| Explain the nebula condensation model | Orginal Gas Cloud, mainly HydrogenGravity pulls most of gas to centerSpin flattens remaining gas into a disk like a pizzaFusion begins in the sun so it gets hot. Dust and gas collide and stick together.Planets gradually form. |
| Characteristics of Terrestrial Planets | High DensityRocky |
| Characteristics of Outer Planets | Gas GiantsBig Low densityGas |
| Most common element on Earth | Iron |
| Why does Earth have lots of Iron? | Early Earth was too hot for light elements to freeze, so earth has little hydrogen but lots of iron |
| Differentiation of the Earth | Heavy atoms are pulled toward the center and light atoms float toward the surface |
| Briefly describe the composition of Earth in terms of why it has high density and the type of temperature it formed at | Lots of metals high temp |
| The Earth is layered in composition in what sense? | DifferentiationHeavy elements sinkLight elements rise |
| 3 Elements that compose most of Earth | Iron OxygenSilicon |
| Crustal Composition-3 elements | OxygenSiliconAluminum |
| Describe the Earth's Crust. | Solid, Si, O, and Al |
| Describe the mantle. | solid, Mg, Fe, and O |
| Describe the outer core. | Liquid made of iron |
| Describe the inner core. | Solid iron |
| Outermost layer of the Earth defined by density and composition | Crust |
| Outer rigid layer of the Earth, around 100 km thick, includes the entire crust and uppere mantle 100 kmcool in temprigid fractureswhen stressed | Lithosphere |
| Layer of the mantle below the lithosphere where rocks are ductile and density deformed mantle below 100 km thicksolid, but hotplastic, can flow slowly | Asthenosphere |
| Way of breaking down large, complex problems into smaller components | Systems Approach |
| Sum of physical, chemical, and biological processes operating on and within the Earth | Earth System |
| List the 4 parts of the Earth System | HydrosphereGeosphereAtmosphereBiosphere |
| Combinations of elements held together by chemical bonds between atoms | Compounds |
| Ions with different charge attract each other Most common mineral bondChemical bonds form when electrons in different atoms interact | Ionic bond |
| Strong bondsAtoms share electrons to fill outer shells | Covalent Bonds |
| Electrons move freely between atomsGood electrical conductors | Metallic bonding |
| Result from unequal charge on different sides of molecules like waterWeak bonds | Polarity bonds |
| What is a mineral? | Naturally occurringsolid with defined chemical composition and crystalline structure |
| List some ways to classify minerals. | HardnessDensityColor TextureCompositionCrystalline structure |
| Least effective mineral identifying tool | Color |
| Color of the mineral when powdered | streak |
| how dense the mineral is compared to water | specific gravity |
Created by:
larryc166
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