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Repro
Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Layers of Scrotum | Skin, Tunica Dartos, Scrotal Fascia, Parietal Vaginal Tunic |
| Layers of Teste Lining | Visceral Vaginal Tunic, Tunica Albuginea, Tunica Vasculosa |
| Muscles of the Penis | Ischiocavernosus (root of penis, short and strong); Urethralis (surrounds urethra, movement of seminal plasma and sperm); Bulbospongiosus (covers bulbourethral glands, overlaps root of penis, empties extra pelvic urethra) |
| 1st Trimester Events | Migration of Primoridal Cells from yolk, sex cords develop |
| Between Trimester 1 and 2 | Development of male or female ducts and parts |
| Trimester 2 Events | Formation of Broad Ligaments |
| Trimester 3 | Testicular Descent |
| Where is the morula located? | Uterus |
| What is the fluid filled space in an egg called? | Blastocoel |
| What is the placental part of the cell called? | Trophoblast |
| What phases does the maternal gene control? | Oocyte growth, LH Surge, Fertilization, and Cleavage |
| What phase does the embryonic gene control? | Cleavage |
| What days does the cleavage begin on? | Day 4-8 |
| What is the cell called when it begins to fill with fluid? | Blastula |
| Which form of the cell is used in IVF? | Hatching Blastocyst |
| What is it called when the blastula begins to differentiate into ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm? | Gastrula |
| What is differentiated from the ectoderm? | Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and nervous system, oral cavity, nasal cavity, reproductive tract (vagina, vestibule, penis, clitoris) |
| What is differentiated from the mesoderm? | Muscles, Blood Vessels, Repro System (gonads, uterus, cervix, part of vagina, epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory sex glands), urinary system, skeletal sytem |
| What is differentiated from the endoderm? | Digestive system, respiratory system, most glands |
| What two things compose the pituitary gland? | Rathke's Pouch (roof of mouth) and Infundibulum (brain) |
| What bone is the pituitary gland enclosed in? | Sella Turcica |
| What are the 3 phases of the urogenital differentiation process? | Pronephros (primitive kidney), mesonephros (temporary kidney), metanephros (definite kidney) |
| Which part of urogenital system differentiates into the repro system? | Mesonephros |
| What is drained through the mesonephric ducts? | Urine |
| What is the mesonephric duct also known as? | Wolffian Ducts |
| What ducts originate beside the mesonephric ducts? | Paramesonephric ducts |
| What is another name for the paramesonephric ducts? | Mullarian Ducts |
| What determines in TDF will be present? | The existence of a Y chromosome |
| Which gene is responsible for making the embryo a male? | SRY Gene |
| What is TDF responsible for? | preventing estrogen formation and making the fetus a male |
| What do primitive sex cords create? What is needed for this transformation? | Seminiferous Tubules; SRY Gene |
| What creates AMH? | Sertoli Cells |
| What makes testosterone? | Leydig Cells |
| Where do the sertoli cells lie? | In the Sem. Tubules |
| Which enzyme converts Testosterone into another Hormone? | 5 - alpha reductase |
| What is 5-alpha reductase made from? | Leydig Cells |
| Complete the Analogy for males and females: Genital Tubercle: Urogentical Folds: Labioscrotal Swelling: | Male: penis, penile shaft, scrotum Female: Clitoris, Labia minora, labia majora |
| If no TDF is present, which gender is formed? | A female |
| What do primitive sex cords differentiate into in a woman? | Follicles within cortex |
| What happens if there is no AMH? | Mullarian Duct differntiates |
| What happens if there is no Testosterone? | Wolffian Duct degenerates |
| How is the female tubular system formed? | With the fusion of the mullarian ducts |
| During which month can the sex of a human be determined? | 5th |
| When do the testicles descend? | Anytime after the 1st trimester |
| What is the testicular decsent process stimulated by? | Testosterone |
| What are the testes attached to that allow them to be pulled into the scrotum? | Gubernaculum |
| What is the gubernaculum attached to that allows for it to pull the testes down? | Peritoneum |
| How is the inguinal ring formed? | By the cells of the perineum being wrapped around the gubernaculum |
| What is allowed to form as the gubernaculum grows into scrotum? | The vaginal process |
| What happens to the gubernaculum once the teste has entered the scrotum? | It shrinks and pulls the testicle down further |
| What are the two layers of peritoneum once the testes descend? | Visceral and Parietal Vaginal Tunics |
| What does it mean to be a true hermaphrodite? | You have combination of gonadal tissue (ovatestis) |
| What does it mean to be a gynandromorph? | You have an ovary on one side and testis on the other (both the mullarian ducts and wolffian ducts differentiate) |
| What is pseudohermaphroditism? | Gonads agree with chromosomal sex but external genitalia appear to be with the opposite sex (inside vs outside) |
| What is testicular feminization syndrome? | When you have normal testes but incomplete masculinzation of wolffian duct and external genitalia (not enough testosterone or DHT or receptors could be lacking) ; you have female like genitalia; no mullarian duct derivatives due to AMH secretion |
| What is a person with guevedoces missing? | 5 alpha reductase to convert the testosterone to DHT in the Leydig cell |
| What is adrenogenital syndrome or congenital adrenal hyperplasia and what is it caused by? | When Cortisol is too low, CRH and ACTH are stimulated by negative feedback too much. The adrenal gland therefore increases in size and therefore release too many androgens (testosterone) which will masculinize the fetus |
| What will progesterone do to a fetus? | It will masculinize it because it acts like testosterone (females will exhibit pseudohermaphroditism) |
| How do chromosomal errors occur? | Failure of 2 sex chromosomes to separate during meisosis in testis or ovary |
| What are the chromosomes like in Turners syndrome? | X (only 1 X); female external genitalia; facial abnormalities, short broad webbed neck; ovaries are just mainly connective tissue |
| What are the chromosomes like in Klinefelter's Syndrome? | XXY; sterile but have female breasts, small genitalia, undescended testicles, urethra may fail to close |
| What is cryptorchid testes? | Undescended testes? |
| What are undescended testes called? | Cryptorchid testes |
| What are supermales? | X egg and YY sperm; very tall often have acne; mental and social problems |
| What is bilateral cryotochidism? | one side descended but the other did not; one side would be sterile but still produce testosterone |
| What is freemartinism? | When twins share a placenta, and the male twin secretes AMH, which causes the female tract in the female embryo to be incomplete |
| What is it called when a male is missing a penis due to the genital tubercle not forming? | Penile Agenesis |
| How does a double penis form? | Two genital tubercles are formed |
| What is a bifid penis? | Genital tubercle branches |
| How does a person get a micropenis? | When the pituitary gland does not develop |
| What is an arcuate uterus? | A curved uterus |
| How do you get a double uterus and vagina? | When you have non fusion |
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