Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Anatomy II
Test 1 Maxwell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy? | The study of structure |
| What is physiology? | The study of the mechanisms of homeostasis |
| What isn't regulated with diabetes? | Blood glucose levels |
| What is the concentration of glucose? | 100mg/100mL |
| What are the systems of coordination? | Integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscle, nervous system, endocrine |
| What is the function of the digestive system for transport? | Break down glucose |
| What purpose does the respiratory system serve for transport? | Supplies oxygen |
| What is the purpose of the urinary system in terms of transport? | Dispose of waste |
| What is the pathway that results in a response | Stimulus, endocrine cells (secrete), blood vessels, target cells, response. |
| How are hormones produced? | From the chemical messenger by endocrine cells |
| How are chemical messengers transported? | By the blood |
| What function does insulin serve? | A hormone that helps to regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood |
| What is the extracellular fluid of blood? | Blood plasma |
| What does homeostasis refer to? | The relative (not absolute) constancy of the composition of extracellular fluid |
| What are the two types of extracellular fluid? | Interstitial and plasma |
| Which extracellular fluid is more abundant? | Interstitial |
| What two organic compounds are not water soluble? | Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| What function does hemoglobin serve? | Greatly increases the ability of blood to transport oxygen |
| Where is hemoglobin found? | In plasma or inside a RBC |
| Is hemoglobin a plasma protein? | No |
| What type of cell transports large amounts of oxygen? | RBC/ Erythrocyte |
| What is the basic function of the circulatory system? | To transport things to and from cells |
| What are the 3 ways things are transported in the body? | 1. Dissolved in plasma ie glucose 2. Bound to a plasma protein 3. Bound to an intracellular protein ie oxygen and hemoglobin |
| What percentage of oxygen does hemoglobin transport? | 99% |
| What are other names for hematocrit? | Formed elements and PCV (packed cell volume) |
| What are the percentages for formed elements and plasma? | 45% formed elements and 55% plasma |
| What are tissues of the body? | epithelial, muscle, connective/supportive |
| Why is blood a tissue? | Because of the extracellular fluid (plasma) |
| What makes RBC red? | Hemoglobin |
| What does a dark red cell mean? | It is deoxygenated |
| What does a light red cell mean? | It is oxygenated |
| What does low hematocrit levels mean? | Low red blood cell count which means a problem transporting oxygen or anemia. Energy cannot be extracted from food. |
| What is the purpose of the bicarbonate ion? | To trasport CO2. |
| What percentage of bicarbonate is water soluble? | 85% |
| How is urea excreted? | The amino group is removed from the amino acids, conversion of ammonia to urea then it is excreted |
| Where is urea produced? | In the liver |
| Urea production is a result of what being broken down? | Protein |
| What is the path of travel for urea? | Liver, kidney, urine |
| What transports urea? | Blood |
| What is uremic poisoning? | Too much urea which results in kidney failure |
| Is urea water soluble? | Yes |
| What is the concentration of urea approximately? | 20mg/100mL |
| Why do we need iron? | It is a component part of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin has 4 iron atoms |
| Approximately how many grams of iron are located in the blood? | 3-4 |
| What is the percentage range of transferring saturation? | 20-50% |
| What is the approximate amount of iron lost per day? | 1-2 grams |
| What is the location of iron intake? | The small intestine |
| Can iron be dissolved in plasma? | No |
| What is the most common type of anemia? | Iron deficiency anemia |
| What does hepatic mean? | Liver |
| What is a hepatocyte? | A liver cell |
| What is ferritin? | An iron storage molecule |
| What happens if there is too much iron in the liver? | It precipitates out |
| What are the 4 functions of the liver? | 1. Produce most plasma proteins 2. Store iron bound to ferritin 3. Synthesize urea 4. Secrete hepcidin |
| What does hepcidin do? | Blocks the absorption of iron to the liver. Tells the small intestine to stop absorption |
| Is the liver an endocrine organ? If so why? | Yes, because it releases hormone |
| What is the pH range of blood? | 7.35-7.45 |
| Venous blood is slightly more acidic because of what? | The effect of CO2 |
| Blood coming in has ____ CO2 than blood coming out | less |
| What is the purpose of blood buffers? | The prevent dramatic pH changes by biding hydrogen ions |
| What is the pH of urine | 6 |
| At what pH does acidosis occur | 7.2 |
| At what pH would death occur? | 7.0 |
| What can hemoglobin do to temporarily reduce changes in pH? | Bind hydrogen ions |
| Males are what percentage body fluid? Females? | Males 60%. Females 65% |
| What fraction of fluid is intracellular? | 2/3 |
| What is the total solute concentration of intracellular and extracellular fluid | 280 mOS/kg |
| How much intracellular fluid does the average person have? | 42L |
| What percentage of plasma is in the blood? | 55% |
| If a person has 3L of plasma how many liters of blood do they have? | 6L |
| If a person has 6L of blood how many liters of plasma do they have? | 3L |
| How many quarts of blood does the average person have? Pints? | 5-6 quarts or 10-12 pints |
| What is the primary solute in any extracellular fluid? | Na and Cl interstitial an plasma |
| Why is plasma an unusual extracellular fluid? | It contains a significant amount of protein |
| Explain electrophoresis. | The rate of migration is determine by the size and charge. (-) is the start with larger proteins (+) is the finish with smaller proteins |
| What are albumins? | The smallest and most abundant plasma protein. (65%) |
| What are the 3 globulins and what percentage do they make up? | Alpha, Beta, Gamma. 30% |
| What type of globulins are antibodies? | Gamma globulins |
| Fibrinogen is a component of what? | Plasma |
| What does fibrinogen convert into? | Fibrin |
| What are the 3 classes of antibodies? | IgA, IgM, and IgG |
| The liver produces plasma proteins but does not produce what? | Immunoglobins |
| Clotting= | Coagulation |
| How does a clot form? | Fibrinogen polymerizes into fibrin by an enzyme called thrombin |
| Which enzyme used for clotting is always in the blood? | Prothrombin |
| Why type of fibers is formed in the clotting process? | Large, long, sticky fibers |
| What are platelets? | Fragments of cells that play an important role in coagulation. |
| How many RBC are in a microliter | 5 million |
| What is the ratio of RBC to WBC | 700:1 |
| What is the lifespan of a mature RBC (enucleate) | 120 days |
| What is another name for a WBC | Leukocyte |
| What makes of the formed elements? | Platelets, RBC, WBC |
| How many RBC are removed per minute? | 200 million |
| About how many RBC are there in the body? | 30 trillion |
| What is the shape of an erythrocytes? | Small biconcave disc shaped |
| Some hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow can produce what? | Formed elements |
| What is aplastic anemia? | A unique anemia where a person doesn't have adequate amounts of red bone marrow possibly due to radiation. |
| What is hematopoiesis? | Blood formation |
| Bone marrow is what type of tissue? | Hematopoietic tissue |
| Where is most hematopoietic tissue found? Examples? | Flat bones like the sternum and ribs? |
| What is leukopoiesis? | The production of WBC |
| What unique ability do hematopoietic stem cells have? | The ability to become different formed elements |
| What is the pathway for the lineage that gives rise to RBC? | Blood stem cell --> myeloid stem cell -->myeloid blast and platelet or --> RBC |
| What is the pathway for the lineage that gives rise to WBC? | Blood stem cell --> lymphoid stem cell --> lymphoblast --> WBC |
| What function does the spleen play? | Recognition and removal of old RBC. |
| What does erythropoietin do? | Stimulate erythropoiesis hormone to make more RBC |
| Why would we need more RBC? | Blood donation, high altitude locations, athletes (body responds to needs) |
| What are the steps for oxygen level regulation? | 1. Low O2 blood levels (stimulus) 2. Kidneys increase production of erythropoietin 3. Stem cells increase RBC production 4. O2 blood levels returns to normal |
| How is hematopoiesis regulated? | Hormonally |
| What is the stimulus and response for O2 regulation? | Low O2 (hypoxia) is the stimulus and the response is increased RBC production and increased O2 delivery. |
| What alternative way is erythropoietin available? | Injection |
| An erythrocyte has the same size as what? | A capillary |
| What is a normoblast?? | The last nucleated stage |
| What is a reticulocyte? | First non nucleated stage |
| What does it mean if you have more than 1% of reticulocytes? | You body is trying to rapidly replace blood due to loss |
| Are the erythrocytes in circulation nucleated or enucleated? | Enucleated |
| What is a tetrameric protein? | A protein with four subunits |
| Each protein part (globin) is coded for how many genes and what are they? | 2, alpha and beta |
| What is the non protein part of the subunit called? Where is it located? | Heme. The center |
| What globin genes are located on chromosome 16? | 2 alpha globin genes |
| What globin genes are located on chromosome 11? | 2 beta globin genes |
| Do the alpha and beta globin genes have the same level of activity? | Yes |
| What is Thalassemia? | One subunit is produced more than the other |
| What is bilirubin? | Metabolic (nitrogenous) wast when hemoglobin is broken down and it is put into feces. |
| What is the cause of sickle cell anemia? | A mutation in the beta globin gene where are person has 2 mutated genes |
| What occurs with sickle cell anemia? | Cells break down fast and must be removed quickly. A person makes a lot of RBC and not enough. |
| What are the genotypes for malaria susceptibility? | AA= susceptible to Malaria Aa= resistant to Malaria but may have sickle cell occasionally aa= resistant to Malaria but has fatal sickle cell |
| Iron deficiency anemia is due to what? | Nutrition/diet lack of B12, Folic acid, and iron |
| What is the part of hemoglobin that is not recycled? | Bilirubin |
| What are the 2 major categories of pathogens? | Bacteria and viruses |
| What is the function of an immune system? | To fight off disease causing organisms and pathogens |
| What do leukocytes fight? | Pathogens |
| Are bacteria typically intracellular or extracellular? | Extracellular |
| Are viruses intracellular or extracellular | Intracellular |
| What do killer cells prevent? | Virally infected cell multiplication |
| What is the definition of humoral? | Body fluid |
| Humoral immunity is effective against what type of pathogen? | Bacteria |
| How many types of leukocytes are there? | 5 |
| What type of cell produces antibodies? | B Cells |
| How many leukocytes are in a microliter? | 7-9,000 |
| What are the physical characteristics of leukocytes? | Larger, nucleated, no hemoglobin |
| What two cells are considered lymphocytes? | B and T cells |
| Where do all WBC come from? | Red bone marrow |
| Where do lymphocytes become functional? | The thymus |
| What does TD and TI mean? | Thymus dependent (T- cells) and thymus independent (B-cells) |
| As you age what happens to the thymus? | It shrinks |
| What is it called if you are born without a thymus? | Not immunocompetent |
| What is the target of an immune response? | An antigen |
| What invokes an immune response? | An antigen |
| B-cells secrete _____ which bind to the ______ on the surface | antibodies, antigen |
| What does the complement complex do? | Punches a hole (MAC, membrane attack complex) into the bacteria and causes lysis |
| How is a cell marked for destruction? | The binding of an antibody |
| The binding of an antigen to attract complement proteins is an example of what type of immunity? | Mediated (humoral) immunity |
| The virally infected cells precent ____ from the virus on its surface? | Antigen |
| How to Cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell in 3 steps? | 1. Binds to the infected cell 2. Perforin makes holes in infected cells membrane 3. Infected cell lyses |
Created by:
acegirl5
Popular Science sets