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VMT Chapter 2
All of Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ventral | belly or underside of the body or body part |
| Cranial | means toward the head |
| Anterior | front of the body |
| Rostral | nose end of the head |
| Cephalic | pertaining to the head |
| Medial | towards the midline |
| Superior | uppermost, above, or toward the head |
| Proximal | nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure |
| Superficial | near the surface; external |
| Palmar | front paw pad |
| Dorsal | refers to the back |
| Caudal | toward the tail |
| Posterior | rear of the body |
| Lateral | away from the midline |
| Inferior | lowermost, below, or toward the tail |
| Distal | farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure |
| Deep | away from the surface; internal |
| Planter | rear paw pad |
| Midsagittal plan | plan that divides the body into equal right and left halves |
| Median | plan and the midline |
| Sagittal plan | plan that divides the body into unequal right and left parts |
| Dorsal plan / Frontal | plan that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts |
| Transverse / Horizontal / Cross-sectional plan | plan that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts |
| -logy | the study of |
| Anatomy | the study of body structure |
| Physiology | the study of body function |
| Physi/o | nature |
| Pathology | study of nature, cause, and development of abnormal conditions |
| Path/o | disease |
| Pathophysiology | study of changes in function caused by disease |
| eti/o | cause |
| Etiology | study of disease causes |
| -logist | specialist |
| Cavity | is a hole or hallow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs |
| Cranial cavity | hallow space that contains the brain in the skull |
| Spinal cavity | hallow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column |
| Thoracic / Chest cavity | hallow space that contains the heart and lungs with in the ribs between the neck and diaphragm |
| Abdominal cavity | hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity |
| Peritoneal cavity | hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum |
| Pelvic cavity | hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory system's |
| Abdomen | is the portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis containing the abdominal cavity |
| Thorax | is the crest region located between the neck and the diaphragm |
| Groin / Inguinal area | region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh |
| Membranes | are thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ |
| Peritoneum | is the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and it covers some organs in this area |
| Parietal peritoneum | is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Visceral peritoneum | is the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs |
| Peritionitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum |
| Umbilicus | is the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus |
| Navel | umbilicus |
| Mesentery | is the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestin in the abdomanal cavity |
| Retroperitoneal | superficial to the peritoneum |
| Recumbency | medical term meaning lying down |
| Dorsal recumbency | is lying down on the back |
| Ventral recumbency | lying down on the belly |
| Left lateral recumbency | lying on the left side |
| Right lateral recumbency | lying on the right side |
| Prone | lying in sternal recumbency |
| Supine | lying in dorsal recumbency |
| Adduction | movement toward the midline |
| Abduction | movement away from the midline |
| Flexion | closure of a joint angle, or reduction of the angle between two bones |
| Extension | straightening of a joint angle (handshake) |
| Hyperflexion / Hyperextension | occur when a joint is flexed or extended too far |
| Supination | is the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmer surface is turned upward |
| Pronation | is the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the pamlmer surface is facing downward (eating soap with your hand) |
| Rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| Cyt/ o | combing form for cell |
| Cytology | study of cells |
| Protoplam | membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| plasm | formative material of cells |
| prot/o | first |
| Cell membrane / Plasma membrane | the structure lining the cell that protects the cell’s contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | is the gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus |
| Nucleus | structure in the cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane |
| Nucleoplasm | material in the nucleus |
| Chromosomes | are the structure in the nucleus composed of DNA that transmits genetic information |
| Genetic disorder | inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes |
| Congenital | denotes something that is present at birth |
| Anomaly | deviation from what is regard as normal |
| Tissue | a group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function |
| Histology | study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue |
| Hist/o | combining form for tissue |
| Four types of tissue | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
| Epithelial tissue / Epithelium | covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements |
| Endothelium | cellular covering thats forms the lining of the internal organs, including the blood vessels |
| Mesothelium | cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum |
| Connective tissue | adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together |
| Adipose | fat tissue |
| Adip/o | fat |
| Muscle tissue | specialized ability to contract and relax |
| Nervous tissue | tissue that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses (sends and receives) |
| plasia | describes formation, development, and growth in the NUMBER of cells in an organ or tissue |
| -trophy | formation, development, and growth in the SIZE of an organ or a tissue or individual cells |
| Anaplasia | change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other |
| Aplasia | is lack of development of an organ, a tissue, a cell |
| Hypoplasia | incomplete or less than normal development of an organ,tissue,cell |
| Neoplasia | fast growing tissue (tumor) |
| Tumor | tissue mass |
| Benign | not recurring tumor |
| Malignant | tending to spread and be life threatening |
| -oma | tumor or neoplasm |
| Atrophy | decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue, cell |
| Dystrophy | defective growth in the size of an organ, tissue, cell |
| Hypertrophy | increase in the size of an organ, tissue, cell |
| ana- | without |
| neo- | new |
| Glands | group of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body |
| aden/o | combining form for gland |
| Two Categories of Glands | exocrine and endocrine |
| Exocrine gland | groups of cells that secrete their chemical substance into ducts that led out the body or to other organ (sweating) |
| Endocrine glands | group of cells that secrete their chemical substance directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body |
| Organ | part of the body that performs a special function and functions |
| oste/o, oss/e, oss/i | bones |
| arthr/o | joints |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| my/o | muscles |
| fasc/i, fasci/o | fascia |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendons |
| arteri/o | arteries |
| ven/o, phleb/o | veins |
| hem/o, hemat/o | blood |
| lymph/o | lymph vessels, fluid, nodes |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus |
| nas/o, rhin/o | nose |
| pharyng/o | pharynx |
| trache/o | trachea |
| laryng/o | larynx |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulm/o | lungs |
| or/o, stomat/o | mouth |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| col/o, colon/o | large intestine |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| neur/o, neur/i | nerves |
| encephal/o | brain |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| ophthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o, opt/i | eyes |
| optic/o | sight |
| ot/o, audit/o,aud/i | ears |
| aur/i, aur/o | external ear |
| acoust/o, acous/o | sound |
| adren/o | adrenals |
| gonad/o | gonads |
| pineal/o | pineal |
| pituit/o | pituitary |
| orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, testicul/o | testes |
| One | uni- and mono |
| Two | duo- or bi- and dyo- |
| Three | tri- |
| Four | quadri-, quadro-, tetr-,tetra- |
| Five | quinqu-, quint-, pent-, penta- |
| Six | sex-, hex-, hexa- |
| Seven | sept-, septi-, hept-, hepta- |
| Eight | octo-, oct-, octa-, octo- |
| Nine | novem-, nonus-, ennea- |
| Ten | deca-, decem-, dek-, deka- |
| Meso- | middle |
Created by:
mbely
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