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Human Physiology
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which type of muscle is innervated by a somatic motor neuron? | skeletal |
| Cardiac muscle is under what type of control? | involuntary |
| Which muscle type lines the urinary bladder? | smooth |
| Which muscle type is striated? | skeletal and cardiac |
| All muscle have the function of: | providing some type force. |
| What are three basic types of muscle? | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| Primarily for the movement of bones. Striated because of the parallel arrangement of fibers in the sarcomeres and is able to generate force along a single axis. Primarily controlled by the somatic nervous system (under voluntary control). | Skeletal Muscle |
| Lacks sarcomeres, has thick & thin filaments, undergoes a crossbridge cycle, found in sheets surrounding hollow organs and tubessuch as the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, blood vessels, lungs.controlled by the autonomic nervous system. | Smooth Muscle |
| Found only in heart, striated & functions similar to skeletal muscle, has gap junctions between cells like single-unit smooth muscle. branched so force generates in multiple directions, pacemaker activity, myogenic regulated by autonomic nervous system | Cardiac Muscle |
| collection of muscle cells | Muscle |
| bundles of muscle cells together with their associated connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve cells within a muscle | Fascicle |
| single muscle cell, fusion of multiple myoblasts during development; these are excitable cells | Muscle fiber (myofiber) |
| muscle fiber's plasma membrane | Sarcolemma |
| semifluid cytoplasm of a muscle cell | Sarcoplasm |
| rod-like bundle that contains the contractile machinery (actin and myosin), runs along length of muscle fiber | Myofibril |
| saclike membranous network that surrounds myofibrils and releases calcium ions to trigger muscle contractions | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| fundamental functional unit of contraction found in myofibrils that repeats over and over; bordered on each side by Z-lines (protein that runs perpendicular to the muscle axis) which anchor actin during contraction | Sarcomere |
| actin (contractile protein) + troponin + tropomyosin; actin is formed from a double chain of globular proteins that is wound with tropomyosin (a fibrous molecule) to form a strand; troponin (a globular complex of three proteins) holds tropomyosin to actin | Thin filaments |
| formed from hundreds of myosin (contractile protein) molecules; mysoin is formed from two filamentous protein tails and two globular heads arranged to resemble two golf clubs wound around each other | Thick filaments |
| proteins for actin attachment | Z line |
| Name the two primary contractile proteins in a sarcomere during muscle contraction, | actin and myosin |
| What step is necessary to break a cross-bridge during muscle contraction? | An ATP molecule causes a conformational change in the myosin head which reduces its affinity for actin. |
| What occurs when calcium ions bind to troponin? | tropomyosin rolls away from binding sites on actin |
| What neurotransmitter is used at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions? | acetylcholine |
| What two proteins slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere? | actin & myosin |
| Which blood vessel type is highly permeable and allows many substances to move into and out of the blood? | capillary |
| Into which vessel does blood flow upon leaving the left ventricle? | aorta |
| Which valve is responsible for supressing backflow of blood from the right ventricle? | right av valve |
| What does the P wave signify in an ECG? | atrial depolarization |
| What triggers action potentials in cardiac muscle cells? | action potential in pacemaker cells, conductile cells, and surrounding cardiac muscle |
| Which component of blood makes up most of the blood volume? | Plasma |
| Where are new erythrocytes made? | bone marrow |
| Which type of leukocytes do phagocytosis? | neutrophils only |
| Which type of blood cell is the most abundant? | erythrocytes |
| Which factor converts fibrinogen into fibrin? | thrombin |
| What causes repolarization in both cardiac muscles and pacemaker cells? | potassium ions exit the cell |
| How does cardiac output chenge when heart rate increases? | it increases |
| Transportation, regulation, and protection | Functions of the cardiovascular system |
| What are the components of the cardiovascular system? | circulatory and lymphatic |
| Series of tubes connected to a pump and filled with fluid designed to carry substances long distances in the body. | circulatory system |
| Silent partner to the circulatory system. Series of tubes that collect fluid that leaks from the cardiovascular system through a series of capillaries. White blood cells are here. | lymphatic system |
| Composed of plasma and formed elements | blood |
| The total volume of blood in a normal, healthy adult human is about? | 5.5 L |
| 55% of total blood volume; about 3 L | plasma |
| 90 % of plasma; functions as medium to dissolve solutes and suspend formed elements | water |
| 8 % of plasma, most synthesized by liver | proteins |
| albumin, globulins, fibrinogen & other enzymes, hormones, antibacterial molecules | plasma proteins |
| 60% of plasma proteins; responsible for plasma osmotic pressure | albumin |
| 36% of plasma proteins; clotting proteins, antibodies secreted by WBCs during immune response, transfer proteins that move substances that don't interact well with water | globulins |
| Important to blood clotting | fibrinogen |
| water, proteins, electrolytes, respiratory gases, serum, make up what? | plasma |
| cations, anions make up? | electrolytes |
| sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, trace metals | cations |
| chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate | anions |
| oxygen, carbon dioxide are: | respiratory gases |
| plasma from which fibrinogen and other clotting proteins have been removed | serum |
| These cells are 45% of totabl blood volume; most abundant; lack nucleus, mitochondria, & other organelles; biconcave disk; last 120 days; made in bone marrow; 5,000,000 per cubic mm | Erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
| Less than 1% of total blood volume, DNA samples taken from these, 5 types | Leukocytes(White blood cells) |
| Granulocyte, 50-80% of all WBCs circulate in blood 7-10 hours then to tissues, phagocyte | neutrophils |
| Granulocyte, 1-4% of all WBCs, can do phagocytosis, attack parasites to large for phagocytosis, can trigger allergic reactions | Eosinophils |
| Granulocyte, less than 1% of all WBCs, nonphagocytosis; release toxic molecules to damage invaders, release histamine, heparin, & other chemicals that exacerbate allergic reactions | basophils |
| Agranulocyte, 2-8%of all WBCs, circulate in blood a few hours, then migrate to tissues where they become larger and develop into macrophages | Monocytes |
| 20-40% of all WBCs, 99% of cells in interstitial fluid, specific immune responses, can become B cells that secrete antibodies, t-cells, or null cells. | lymphocytes |
| less than 1% of total blood volume,100,000-500,000 per cubic mm of blood; form when fragments of megakarycytes break off, mitochondria, smooth ER, cytoplasmic granules, blood clotting | platelets |
| where are erythrocytes in the first trimester of pregnancy | yolk sac |
| where are erythrocytes in the second trimester of pregnancy | primarily liver, some spleen and lymph nodes |
| where are erythrocytes in the last month of gestation during pregnancy to 5 years after birth | bone marrow all bones |
| where are erythrocytes in 5-20 years after birth | vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilia, long bones |
| where are erythrocytes in20 years after birth til death | vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilia |
| What are some factors that stimulate erythoprotein production | Hypoxia, high testosterone, norepinephrine, epinephrine, prostaglandins |
| What are some factors that decrease oxygenation? | low blood volume, anemia, low hemoglobin, poor blood flow, pulmonary disease, very high altitude |
| The cessation of bleeding; accompanied by 3 reinforcing steps; vascular spasms, platelet plugs, blood clot or thrombus | hemostasis |
| intrinsically occur in response to damage to a blood vessel and are reinforced by feedback from sympathetic nervous system to increase resistance and decrease blood flow; minimizes blood loss but does not stop it | vascular spasms |
| no striations, actin & myosin, involuntary, autonomic, varicosities-diffuse, SR & ECF, calmodulin, gap junctions, pacemaker activity, slow, no recruitment | smooth single unit muscle |
| striations, actin & myosin, voluntary, somatic, neuromuscular junction-specific, SR, troponin, fast, recruitment | skeletal muscle |
| no striations, actin & myosin, involuntary, autonomic, varicosities-diffuse, SR & ECF, calmodulin, no gap junctions, no pacemaker activity, slow, recruitment | smooth multi-unit muscle |
| striations, actin & myosin, involuntary, autonomic, varicosities-diffuse, epinephrine, SR & ECF, troponin, gap junctions, pacemaker activity, intermediate, no recruitment | cardiac muscle |
| Process that generates force so that muscles can pull on things & move them. | sliding-filament model of muscle contraction |
| When action potential reaches the axon terminal of the somatic motor neuron , the change triggers | voltage-gated calcium ion channels in the somatic motor neuron to open |
| When voltage-gated calcium ion channels open in a skeletal muscle action potential | calcium ions move down their electrochemical gradient from outside to inside |
| What is the average concentration of red blood cells in blood? | 5,000,000 per cubic mm |
| How could one increse cardiac output | increase heart rate, stroke volume or both |
| what occurs during blood clotting | vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, blood clotting |
| Where does blood go after the right atrium | right ventricle |
| What type of feedback loop controls blood clotting | positive |
| The process of myosin binding & unbinding to actin is called: | cross-bridge cycle |
Created by:
klmd3014
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