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Anatomy exam 1
Chapters 1-5 Martini, Timmons, & Tallitsch, 6th Edition, Human Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Merocrine and erocrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion |
| Neuroglia | Supporting cells |
| Neurons | Actual cell |
| Ligaments | bone to bone |
| Aponeuroses | Flat from muscle to bone |
| Tendons | Muscle to bone |
| Holocrine secretion | The cell dies with it |
| Apocrine | Destroys portion of the cell in order to release. Basal cell still stays |
| Merocrine | |
| Endocrine | Ductless/ Hormones |
| Exocrine | Have ducts |
| Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial? | skin, vagina, esophagus |
| What cells make up LACT? | fibroblasts |
| What cells make up Adipose Connective tissue? | Adipocytes |
| What cells make up bone? | Osteocytes |
| What cells make up cartilage? | Chondrocytes |
| Collagen | made with thick robe of collagen |
| Elastin | Made up of elastic (cardiovascular system) |
| Reticular | Made up of a single thread of collagen |
| What are the fluid connective tissues? | Blood and Lymph |
| What are the loose connective tissue proper? | LACT, Adipose , and Reticular |
| What are the Dense connective tissue proper? | DRCT, DICT |
| What are the supporting connective tissues? | Bone and Cartilage |
| Adaptability | long-term responsiveness |
| Adaption | The change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an environment. |
| Differentiation | The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. |
| Excretion | The process of removing metabolic waste products and other useless materials. |
| Growth | Refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and or the # of individual cells |
| Metabolism | Set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. |
| Anabolism | Construction of molecules via metabolic pathways from smaller units. (building things) |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways, into smaller units, consequently releasing energy. (catastrophe) |
| Reproduction | The process of a new individual organism is produced, therefore , it is essential to the continuity of life. |
| Supine | The patient lying down w/ their face up |
| Prone | The patient lying down w/ thei face down |
| Responsiveness | The ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus: also irritability |
| Somatic Cells | Body cells |
| Sex Cells | Reproductive cells or Germ cells |
| Integral proteins | embedded in the phospholipids bilayer |
| Peripheral proteins | attached to the membrane but can separate from it. |
| Channels | Allow water and ions to move across a membrane |
| Gated Channels | Can open and close |
| Microvilli | Increase surface area absorption secretion cellular adhesion |
| Diffusion | Net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved |
| Osmosis | Net movement(diffusion) of a solvent (h2o) across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low concentration (high water potential) to a solution with a high solute concentration (low water potential) |
| Active membrane Processes | Mediated processes of moving molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP. |
| Active Transport | Energy-dependent (requires ATP) and independent of concentration gradients; some ion pumps are exchange pumps |
| Endocytosis | A Process where cell absorb material (proteins) from the outside by engulfing it w/ their cell membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eating; cells ingest large objects, such as bacteria or viruses |
| Receptor- mediated endocytosis | Specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits. |
| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking; uptake solutes and single molecules; proteins |
| Cytosol | Intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes and surrounds the cellular organelles |
| Organelles | Specialized subunits w/i a cell that has specific functions |
| Nucleus | Has DNA; cell's control center; transmits genetic info |
| Nucleoli | Ribosomal RNA synthesis |
| Chromatin | Chromosome in the non-coiled state when the cell is not dividing |
| Mitochondrium | bean shaped organelles; cellular power plants; generate 95% of the cells ATP |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER (RER) | Has attached ribosomes; makes all proteins that are secreted from cells. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Sommth ER (SER) | DOES NOT have attached ribosomes; lipid and carbohydrate synthesis; lipid metabolism; calcium ion storage; drug detoxification |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages materials for lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane. |
| Lysosome | Contain digestive enzymes; digests unwanted substances (organelles, food particles, viruses, bacteria) |
| Peroxisomes | Contains enzymes (oxidases, catalases); removes toxic peroxides from the body |
| Ribosomes | Site of Protein synthesis |
| Free Ribosomes | Located w/i the cytosol |
| Fixed Ribosomes | Bound to the RER |
| Cytoskeleton | Confers strength and flexibility to the cytoplasm; provides support and shape to the cell. |
| Microtubules | The main support of the cell. Moves and separates DNA strands during cell division |
| Microfilaments | Mainly composed of thin strands of the actin protein. |
| Intermediate Filaments | transport of materials w/i the cytoplasm |
| Thick Filaments | produce movement w/ the action of actin |
| Centrioles | Directs the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Forms the bases of cilia and flagella |
| Cilia | Function is movement of fluids or secretions across the cell surface by beating rhythmically. |
| Flagellum | Has tail, sperm |
| Microvilli | Increase the surface area of cells |
| Interphase | G1; cells are active/ proteins being made S; DNA replicates itself G2; enzymes are synthesized |
| Prophase | Chromatin threads coil and condense; nucleoli disappear; mitotic spindle forms; nuclear envelope fragments |
| Metaphase | Centromeres precisely align at the equator (exact center) of the spindle |
| Anaphase | Chromatid pairs separate v-shaped daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends |
| Telophase | Nuclear membranes form and the nuclei enlarge as the chromosomes begin to uncoil |
| Cytokinesis | Contractile ring forms a cleavage furrow squeezes the cells apart. |
| Tissue is defined as | A group of closely associated cells, which are similar in structure and perform related ( and limited) functions |
| Histology | The study of tissues |
| The four primary tissue types are | Epithelial(epithelium) Connective Muscle Nervous (neural) |
| Epithelium | Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity who's purposes are protection, sensory reception, secretion, absorption, ion transport. |
| Epithelial Apical Surface Features | Microvilli; increase epithelial surface area; may anchor sheets of mucous Stereocilia; very long microvilli that can not move Cilia; move fluid, usually mucous |
| Epithelial Lateral Surface Features | Cell junctions; desmosomes, tight junction, gap junction |
| Epithelial Basal Surface Features | Basal Lamina; a sheet of proteins, which acts as a filter and as a scaffolding on which regenerating epithelial cells grow Basement Membrane; formed by the basal lamina plus some underlying reticular fibers |
| Simple Epithelia | One layer of cells |
| Stratified Epithelia | 2 or more layers of cells |
| Pseudostratified w/ Cilia Epithelia | a simple epithelium that contains both short and tall cells; pseudostratified columnar |
| Squamous | Flattened cytoplasm and nucleus |
| Cuboidal | Spherical Nucleus |
| Columnar | Oval or elongated nucleus, usually located basally |
| Transitional Epithelial | Stratifies epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the expansion of their cells' lumens (open spaces) |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Lines alveoli of lungs; seen in endothelium of blood vessels and mesothelium of the ventral body cavity;Molecules diffuse through the delicate and thin layer of flat cells |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Non-Keratinized forms in the esophagus, mouth, and vagins |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | kidney tubules and ducts + secretory portions of small glands. (secretion + absorption) |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | (protection) large ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non- ciliated is found in the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, ducts and glands Ciliated is found in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and the uterus Main purpose is abso |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Rare in the body- small amounts are found in the male urethra The main purpose is protection and secretion. |
| Pseudostratified (ciliated) Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non ciliated is found in the sperm ducts Ciliated is found in the trachea and upper respiratory tract Its main purpose is Secretion |
| Transitional Epithelium is found lining the | Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra Its main purpose is to stretch and permits distension |
| Exocrine glands | Secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities ; contain ducts |
| Serous glands | Produce a watery solution that contains enzymes |
| Mucous glands | Produce viscous, sticky mucus |
| Mixed glands | Produce both types of secretions |
| Unicellular glands (goblet cells) | Individual secretory cells that occur in epithelia containing scattered gland cells. |
| Multicellular glands | Produce exocrine or endocrine secretions |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless and secrete product (hormones) directly into the blood stream |
| Fibroblast | Most abundant cell type and they produce fibers and extracellular matrix |
| Osteoblasts | Secrete the collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix |
| Mature Osteocytes | Inhabit small pits or cavities called lacunae |
| Blood | Classified as atypical connective tissue because of it's structure; yet, it is a connective tissue type because it originates from mesenchyme |
| RBC | Red blood cells/ erythrocytes |
| WBC | White blood cells/ leukocytes |
| Cutaneous membrane (skin) | Any membrane that covers the outer surface of the body |
| Mucous Membrane (mucosa) | Moist membrane that lines hollow internal organs that open to the body exterior |
| Serous membrane (serosa) | Slippery membrane that lines closed pleura, pericardial, peritoneal cavities |
| Skeletal Muscle | Multinucleated muscle cells have a cylindrical and striated appearance due to highly organized arrangement of myofilaments. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Branching cells have a striated appearance; one nucleus; presence of intercalated discs special cellular junctions |
| Smooth Muscle | No visible striations; one centrally located nucleus; spindle shaped cells; usually functions in propelling substances through hollow organs |
| Neurons | Highly specialized nerve cells w/ extensions and processes that allow electrical impulse transmission |
| Neuralgia( supporting cells) | non- conducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the neurons |
| Functions of Integumentary system | Physical protection Regulation of body temperature Excretion +Secretion Nutrition synthesis Sensation Immune Defense |
| Keratinocytes | Most abundant cell type Produce keratin through fibrous protein Produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals |
| Melanocyte | Produce melanin |
| Merkel Cells | Associated w/ sensory nerve ending fibers Receptors for touch |
| Langerhan Cells | macrophage like dendritic cell polic outer body surface Receptor- mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins |
| Stratum Basale/ Germinativum (basal Layer) | Single Row of stem cells (keratinocytes) Contains Merker Cells and Melanocytes Under continuous Mitoses |
| Stratum Spinosum | Langerhan Cells Tonofibrils |
| Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer) | 3-5 layers of Flattened Keratinocytes |
| Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer) (Does not stain well) | Transition zone Found only in thick skin (Palms of hands +Soles of feet) |
| Stratum Corneum (horny layer) | Dead Keratinocytes Water proofing glycolipids Many cell layers thick |
| Dermis | Divided into papillary + reticular; Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, scattered white blood cells; supplied w. nerve fibers + blood vessels; nourishment + temp regulation |
| Eccrine | Most numerous type Produces true sweat (99% H2o, 1% electrolytes) |
| Functions of Sweat; thermoregulation | sweat cools the skin surface and reduces body temp |
| Functions of sweat; excretion of | water and electrocytes |
| Functions of sweat; protection | Via dilution of chemicals on the skin and via bactericidal effects. |
| Apocrine | Axillary + Genital areas Larger than eccrine |
| Mammary Glands | Milk producing glands Related to apocrine sweat glands |
| Ceruminous Glands | Auditory canal (ears) Cerumen (earwax) |
| The Scientific study of the structure of the human body is | Anatomy |
| Organs are associated into functionally related groups called | systems |
| The body is placed in what position? | anatomical |
| What body cavity lies directly inferior to the diaphragm? | abdominopelvic cavity |
| The body cavity that is enclosed by the rib cage is known as the | Thoracic Cavity |
| The body cavity surrounded by the hipbone is called the | Pelvic Cavity |
| The term "arm" in anatomy refers to the region between the | Shoulder and Elbow (humerus) |
| The term "leg" in anatomy refers to the region between the | knee and ankle |
| A mitochondrion belongs to which level or organization? | Cellular |
| The lungs belong to the | Respiratory system |
| The stomach belongs to the | Digestive System |
| Calls in the body have a fluid surrounding them known as | extracellular fluid |
| The cytoplasm has a liquid portion called | cytosol |
| What stricture in a cell is mostly composed of a phospholipid bilayer? | Plasmalemma |
| Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? | Mitochondria |
| Which organelle makes protein for use outside the cell? | ribosomes |
| Which organelle in the cell produces lipids? | Smooth ER |
| Which organelle contains DNA? | Nucleus |
| Which cellular structure is responsible for ribosome production? | Nucleolus |
| Of the three events of the cell cycle, which one is DNA duplicated? | Prophase |
| When in the cell cycle do chromosomes first split apart? | Anaphase |
| The division of the cytoplasm occurs in what part of the cell cycle? | Telophase |
| Anabolism | Building something; ribosomes |
| Catabolism | Breaking things down for energy |
| Axial | Houses Ventral Organs (brain and Spine) |
| Appendicular | extremities |
| Supine | lying down w/ fave up |
| Prone | Lying down w/ face down |
| How many Phalanges does a human have? | 56 |
| How many digits does a human have? | 20 |
| Ventral is lined by | A two layer serous membrane |
| Cytosol | liquid in the cell |
| Ribosomes Produce | proteins |
| Diffusion | High Concentration to Low concentration. The Solute is moving |
| Osmosis | High Concentration to low concentration. Solvent is moving. (H2o) |
| Active Transport | Requires ATP, Against concentration gradient, low concentration to high concentration, (going up river) |
| Ion pumps | Active and moving two things |
| Pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| Phagocytosis | Cell Eating (Bacteria & Viruses) |
| Mitochondria | Produce ATP |
| Mitosis | cell seperation |
| Chemical Level | Atoms- building blocks of matter Combine to form small molecules and larger macromolecules |
| Cellular Level | Cells are comprised of molecules Smallest living units in the body |
| Tissue Level | Similar type of cells w/ a common function, combine to form tissues. There are 4 primary tissue types |
| Organ Level | More than one tissue (often all 4 types) combine to form organs |
| Organ system Level | Organs that work together combine to form an organ system to accomplish a common purpose. There are 11 organ systems |
| Human Organism | The highest level of structural organization. Combination of all organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism. |
| Integumentary System | provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin D |
| Skeletal System | Provides protection and support to the body organs. Store minerals. Blood cell formation |
| Muscular System | Produces Motion Provides Support Produces Heat |
| Nervous System | Control Center of body. Responds ti internal + external stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands. |
| Endocrine System | Glands which Secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems -->metabolism, growth, reproduction |
| CardioVascular System | Comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood to transport materials w/i the body. Respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes |
| Lymphoid (lymphatic/immune system) | Returns leaked fluid to blood; provides defense against pathogens + diseases by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that function in immunity. |
| Respiratory System | Maintains the blood's constant supply of oxygen and removal supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange at the alveoli |
| Digestive System | Processing food + absorbing nutrients |
| Urinary System | Eliminate excess water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood |
| Reproductive System | Produces sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring |
| Anatomical Position | Person standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward feet flat on floor, face straight ahead |
| Axial Region | Head. Neck, Torso |
| Appendicular region | upper and lower limbs |
| Cephalon (Cephalic) | area of the neck |
| Cervics (cervical) | neck region |
| Thoracis (Thoracic) | chest region |
| Brachium (brachial) | upper arm |
| Antebrachium (antebrachial) | forearm |
| Carpus (carpal) | wrist |
| Manus (manual) | hand |
| Pollicis (pollex) | thumb |
| Abdomen (abdominal) | abdominal region |
| Umbilicus (umbilical) | navel or belly button |
| Pelvis (pelvic) | pelvic region |
| inguen (inguinal) | groin |
| Pubis (pubic) | anterior pelvis or genital region |
| Lumbus (lumbar) | lower back |
| Gluteus (gluteal) | buttock region |
| Femur(femoral) | thigh |
| Patella (patellar) | kneecap |
| Crus(crural) | anterior leg from knee to ankle |
| Sura (sural) | posterior calf of the leg |
| Tarsus (tarsal) | ankle |
| Pes (Pedal) | foot (pedals of a bike) |
| Plants (plantar) | the bottom of the foot, sole |
| Hallux (hallux) | great toe or big toe |
| Parietal pleura | Thin serous membrane that lines the chest walls |
| Visceral Pleura | thin serous membrane that adheres to the lungs |
| Serous fluid | Fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
| Parietal Pericardium | The thin serous membrane that lines the pericardial walls |
| Visceral pericardium | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the heart surface |
| Serous Fluid | Fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
| Parietal Peritoneum | This serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Visceral peritoneum | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the serous membrane |
| Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are retroperitoneal baecause | they are located behind the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Absorption | the route through which substances can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions |
| Hair is only visible on | Thin skin |
| Merocrine and ericrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion |
| Compact bone is lined by | Periosteum (DICT) |
| Compact bone has | Osteons |
| Spongy, Cancellous, trabecular Bone is lined by | endosteum (DICT) |
| Spongy bone does not have _____ but has _____ | Osteons, Trabeculae + Spicules |
| Fibrocartilage is found in | intervertebral discs + symphyses |
| hyaline cartilage is found in | Epiphyses (end of bones) |
| Elastic cartilage is found in | auricles (ears) |
| The connective tissue in ligaments (bone to bone) is | DRCT |
| Osteoclasts are used in | the breakdown of bones |
| Mature osteocytes are found in | lacunae |
| The structure of compact bone is | Dense and solid |
| The structure of spongy bone is | an open network of struts and plates |
| In the metaphysis you will find | the endochondral growth plate |
| Epiphyses | ends of bones |
| Diaphysis | shaft of bones |
| Osteogenesis | Creation of bone |
| Calcification | Repairing the tissue (cartilage) by depositing calcium salts into tissues |
| The clavicle and skeletal bones are formed | intramembranous (sheet of membranes) |
| Passive transport | No ATP |
| Active transport | Uses ATP ion pumps |
| Rats Prefer Houses w/ Cheese | Resting, Proliferation, Hypertrophy |
| What kind of cells are found in LACT? | Fibrocytes- Fibroblasts |
| Where is DRCT found? | ligaments + tendons |
| Where is DICT found? | Dermis of the skin (very tough) |
| Sebum | lubricate |
| Free nerve ending are for felling | Pain and temp |
| What is an osteon? | the organization to which compact bone is laid down |
| In terms of shape, what type of bone are the tarsals? | short |
| In terms of shape, what type of bone are the metacarpals? | long |
| In terms if shape, what type of bone is the sternum? | flat |
| In terms of shape what type are the upper bones of the cranium? | flat |
| The inorganic portion of bone tissue is made of what mineral shaft? | Hydroxyapatite |
| A young adult has how many bones? | 206 |
| The patella is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular |
| What role do osteoblasts have in maintaining bone tissue? | forming of the bones |
| The ribs are part of which skeletal division? | axial |
| The radius is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular |
| The carpal bone is classified as a | short bone |
| The ends of a long bone are known as the | emphysis |
| The clavicle belongs to the | pectoral girdle |
| The hyoid bone belongs to the | axial skeleton |
| What is another name for the cuticle of the fingernail? | eponychium, |
| The outermost portion of a cross section of hair is known as the | citicle |
| What does the piloerector muscle do? | Contracts when cold , secually aroused, and causes goose bumps |
| What part of the hair is found on the outside of the skin? | Hair shaft |
| Since hair color is determined by pigment in the cortex and the hair shaft is dead, explain the fallacy of a person's hair turning white over night | The turning of hair color is a slow process and it is only one strand a night |
| Electrolysis is the process of hair removal using electric current. Explain how this might destroy the process of hair growth in relation to the hair bulb | it destroys the bulb itself |
| Hair of the axilla is considered determinate hair because | it grows to a specific length and then stops |
| What integumentary gland secretes sebum? | Sebaceous glands |
| Which kind of sweat gland is involved in evaporative cooling? | merocrine |
| The release of heat from the body occurs by blood vessels in what main layer of the integument? | Dermis |
| What is the most common connective tissue fiber found in the dermis? | Collagenous Fibers |
| The dermis has two main layers. Which one of these is the most superficial? | papillary layer |
| Approximately how long does it take for the epidermis to renew itself? | every 6 weeks |
| What specific protein makes the epidermis tough? | Keratin |
| What cell type [produces a pigment that darkens the skin? | Melanocytes |
| What is the main function of Collagenous Fibers in the integumentary system? | strength and flexibility |
| What is the main function of the blood vessels in the integumentary system? | Bring nutrients to the epidermis + dermis |
| What is the main function of the nerves in the integumentary system? | Sensory info |
| In the cross section of bone you can usually see two types of bones, what are these? | Compact, Cancellous |
| What is another name for calcium salts in the bone? | Hydroxyapatite crystal (bone salt) |
| What is the function of hyaline cartilage? | Reduces friction @ joints, keeps air passages open |
| What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Protects from wear and tear @ weight bearing or stressed joints |
| What kind of fibers are in fibrocartilage? | Collagenous |
| Name the outer connective tissue layer that wraps around cartilage | Perichondrium |
| What is the cell type found in adipose tissue? | adipocytes |
| What type of connective tissue is found in the middle walls of arteries? | Elastic connective tissue |
| What is the ground substance of blood called? | Plasma |
| What cell type is responsible for the transmission of electrochemical impulses? | Neuron |
| What type of muscle makes up most of the muscle of your arm? | Skeletal |
| The heats is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Cardiac |
| The intestine is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Smooth |
| What muscle cell type has intercalated discs? | cardiac |
| Smooth muscle is | nonstriated and involuntary |
| Cardiac muscle is | striated and involuntary |
| Skeletal muscle is | striated and voluntary |
| What cell type lines the inside of the urinary bladder? | transitional epithelium |
| Squamous cells have what general shape? | flat, egg shaped |
| A multiple layer of flattened epithelial cells represents what cell type? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| A single flattened layer of cells represents what type of epithelium? | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Name the three general cell chapes | Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar |
| Simple epithelium has how many layers of cells? | 1 |
| What is the name of the noncellular layer that attaches epithelial tissue to other layers? | basement |
| What are the four main tissues of the body | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| Long Bones | elongated shape (not based on overall size) -> femur(thigh bone); phalanges and metacarpals(hand bones) |
| Short Bones | Roughly cube- shaped ->Carpals(wrist bones); patella(also includes sesamoid bones) |
| Flat bones | thin, flattened, usually somewhat curve shaped ->cranial bones of the skull; ribs; sternum; scapula |
| Irregular Bones | various shapes and do not fit into previous categories -> vertebrae, os coxae (hip bones) |
| Organization of the zones within the epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal to diaphyseal side) | Resting Cartilage Proliferating Cartilage Hypertrophy Calcification |
| Bone deppsition | Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on bone surfaces and calcium phosphate salts crystallize within osteoid |
| Bone reabsorption | Osteoclasts break down bone by secreting acid (which dissolves the mineral part of the matrix) and lysosomal enzymes ( which digest the organic part of the matrix). |
| Fracture | A crack of break in a bone |
| Fracture hematoma | A large blood clot that closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area |
| Osteomalacia | A softening of bone due to a decrease in the mineral content |
| Osteomyelitis | a painful infection in a bone, usually caused by bacteria |
| Osteopenia | A reduction in bone mass and density |
| Osteoporosis | A disease characterized by deterioration in the histological organization of bone tissue, leading to a reduction in bone mass to a degree that compromises normal function |
| Osseous (bone) tissue | a supporting connective tissue with specialized cells and a solid, extracellular matrix of protein fibers and a ground substance. |
| supine | face up |
| Cytology | study of cells |
| homeostasis | constant internal environment |
| lumbar | lower back |
| prone | face down |
| metabolism | all chemical activity in the body |
| ventral body cavity | Thoracic and abdominopelvic |
| Histology | Study of tissues |
| Spongy bone is formed of | struts and plates |
| The basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the | osteon |
| Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of | a hyaline cartilage model |
| When sexual hormone production increases, bone production | accelerates rapidly |
| The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates that | epiphyseal growth has ended |
| The inadequate ossification that occurs with aging is called | osteopenia |
| The process by which the diameter of a developing bone enlarges is | appositional growth at the outer surface |
| The sternum is an example of a | flat bone |
| a small, rough projection of a bone is termed a | tuberosity |
| The effects of aging on the skin include | a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands |
| skin color is product of | the dermal blood supply pigment concentration pigment composition |
| The layer of the skin that contains both interwoven bundles of collagen fibers and the protein elastin and is responsible for the strength of skin is the | reticular layer |
| The layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the | stratum basale |
| All of the following are effects of aging except | an increase in the number of langerhans cells |
| each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except | synthesis of vitamin C |
| Carotene is | an orange-yellow pigment that accumulates inside epidermal cells |
| Which best describes hair root? | it extends from the hair bulb to the point where the internal organization of the hair is complete |
| Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that binds the capsules that surround many organs? | Deep fascia |
| The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of | serous membrane |
| What type of supporting tissue is found in the pinna of the ear and the tip of the nose? | elastic cartolage |
| An epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by | a basal lamina |
| Which of the following are wandering cells found in connective tissue proper? | eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells |
| The viscous, superficial coating on the outer surface of the plasmalemma is the | glycocalyx |
| In comparison with the intracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid contains | a lower concentration of dissolved proteins |
| Membrane flow provides a mechanism for | continual change in the characteristics of membranes increases in the size of the cell response of the cell to a specific environmental stimulus |
| If a cell lacks mitochondria, the direct result will be that it cannot | produce substantial amounts of ATP |
| Three major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum are | synthesis, storage, transport |
| The function of a selectively permeable plasmalemma is to | permit the free passage of some materials but restrict passage of others |
| The presence of invading pathogens in the extracellular fluid would stimulate immune cells to engage the mechanism of | Phagocytosis |
| The major function of the cardiovascular system is the | internal transport of nutrients, wastes and gases |
| What structures are enclosed in the mediastinum? | esophagus,trachea, thymus |
| The primary site of blood cell production is within the | lymphatic system |
| What region corresponds with the arm? | brachial |
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alicia1992