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Anatomy exam 1
Chapters 1-5 Martini, Timmons, & Tallitsch, 6th Edition, Human Anatomy
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Merocrine and erocrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion |
Neuroglia | Supporting cells |
Neurons | Actual cell |
Ligaments | bone to bone |
Aponeuroses | Flat from muscle to bone |
Tendons | Muscle to bone |
Holocrine secretion | The cell dies with it |
Apocrine | Destroys portion of the cell in order to release. Basal cell still stays |
Merocrine | |
Endocrine | Ductless/ Hormones |
Exocrine | Have ducts |
Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial? | skin, vagina, esophagus |
What cells make up LACT? | fibroblasts |
What cells make up Adipose Connective tissue? | Adipocytes |
What cells make up bone? | Osteocytes |
What cells make up cartilage? | Chondrocytes |
Collagen | made with thick robe of collagen |
Elastin | Made up of elastic (cardiovascular system) |
Reticular | Made up of a single thread of collagen |
What are the fluid connective tissues? | Blood and Lymph |
What are the loose connective tissue proper? | LACT, Adipose , and Reticular |
What are the Dense connective tissue proper? | DRCT, DICT |
What are the supporting connective tissues? | Bone and Cartilage |
Adaptability | long-term responsiveness |
Adaption | The change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an environment. |
Differentiation | The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. |
Excretion | The process of removing metabolic waste products and other useless materials. |
Growth | Refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and or the # of individual cells |
Metabolism | Set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. |
Anabolism | Construction of molecules via metabolic pathways from smaller units. (building things) |
Catabolism | Breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways, into smaller units, consequently releasing energy. (catastrophe) |
Reproduction | The process of a new individual organism is produced, therefore , it is essential to the continuity of life. |
Supine | The patient lying down w/ their face up |
Prone | The patient lying down w/ thei face down |
Responsiveness | The ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus: also irritability |
Somatic Cells | Body cells |
Sex Cells | Reproductive cells or Germ cells |
Integral proteins | embedded in the phospholipids bilayer |
Peripheral proteins | attached to the membrane but can separate from it. |
Channels | Allow water and ions to move across a membrane |
Gated Channels | Can open and close |
Microvilli | Increase surface area absorption secretion cellular adhesion |
Diffusion | Net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved |
Osmosis | Net movement(diffusion) of a solvent (h2o) across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low concentration (high water potential) to a solution with a high solute concentration (low water potential) |
Active membrane Processes | Mediated processes of moving molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP. |
Active Transport | Energy-dependent (requires ATP) and independent of concentration gradients; some ion pumps are exchange pumps |
Endocytosis | A Process where cell absorb material (proteins) from the outside by engulfing it w/ their cell membrane. |
Phagocytosis | Cell eating; cells ingest large objects, such as bacteria or viruses |
Receptor- mediated endocytosis | Specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits. |
Pinocytosis | Cell drinking; uptake solutes and single molecules; proteins |
Cytosol | Intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes and surrounds the cellular organelles |
Organelles | Specialized subunits w/i a cell that has specific functions |
Nucleus | Has DNA; cell's control center; transmits genetic info |
Nucleoli | Ribosomal RNA synthesis |
Chromatin | Chromosome in the non-coiled state when the cell is not dividing |
Mitochondrium | bean shaped organelles; cellular power plants; generate 95% of the cells ATP |
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER (RER) | Has attached ribosomes; makes all proteins that are secreted from cells. |
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Sommth ER (SER) | DOES NOT have attached ribosomes; lipid and carbohydrate synthesis; lipid metabolism; calcium ion storage; drug detoxification |
Golgi Apparatus | Packages materials for lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane. |
Lysosome | Contain digestive enzymes; digests unwanted substances (organelles, food particles, viruses, bacteria) |
Peroxisomes | Contains enzymes (oxidases, catalases); removes toxic peroxides from the body |
Ribosomes | Site of Protein synthesis |
Free Ribosomes | Located w/i the cytosol |
Fixed Ribosomes | Bound to the RER |
Cytoskeleton | Confers strength and flexibility to the cytoplasm; provides support and shape to the cell. |
Microtubules | The main support of the cell. Moves and separates DNA strands during cell division |
Microfilaments | Mainly composed of thin strands of the actin protein. |
Intermediate Filaments | transport of materials w/i the cytoplasm |
Thick Filaments | produce movement w/ the action of actin |
Centrioles | Directs the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Forms the bases of cilia and flagella |
Cilia | Function is movement of fluids or secretions across the cell surface by beating rhythmically. |
Flagellum | Has tail, sperm |
Microvilli | Increase the surface area of cells |
Interphase | G1; cells are active/ proteins being made S; DNA replicates itself G2; enzymes are synthesized |
Prophase | Chromatin threads coil and condense; nucleoli disappear; mitotic spindle forms; nuclear envelope fragments |
Metaphase | Centromeres precisely align at the equator (exact center) of the spindle |
Anaphase | Chromatid pairs separate v-shaped daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends |
Telophase | Nuclear membranes form and the nuclei enlarge as the chromosomes begin to uncoil |
Cytokinesis | Contractile ring forms a cleavage furrow squeezes the cells apart. |
Tissue is defined as | A group of closely associated cells, which are similar in structure and perform related ( and limited) functions |
Histology | The study of tissues |
The four primary tissue types are | Epithelial(epithelium) Connective Muscle Nervous (neural) |
Epithelium | Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity who's purposes are protection, sensory reception, secretion, absorption, ion transport. |
Epithelial Apical Surface Features | Microvilli; increase epithelial surface area; may anchor sheets of mucous Stereocilia; very long microvilli that can not move Cilia; move fluid, usually mucous |
Epithelial Lateral Surface Features | Cell junctions; desmosomes, tight junction, gap junction |
Epithelial Basal Surface Features | Basal Lamina; a sheet of proteins, which acts as a filter and as a scaffolding on which regenerating epithelial cells grow Basement Membrane; formed by the basal lamina plus some underlying reticular fibers |
Simple Epithelia | One layer of cells |
Stratified Epithelia | 2 or more layers of cells |
Pseudostratified w/ Cilia Epithelia | a simple epithelium that contains both short and tall cells; pseudostratified columnar |
Squamous | Flattened cytoplasm and nucleus |
Cuboidal | Spherical Nucleus |
Columnar | Oval or elongated nucleus, usually located basally |
Transitional Epithelial | Stratifies epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the expansion of their cells' lumens (open spaces) |
Simple Squamous Epithelium | Lines alveoli of lungs; seen in endothelium of blood vessels and mesothelium of the ventral body cavity;Molecules diffuse through the delicate and thin layer of flat cells |
Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Non-Keratinized forms in the esophagus, mouth, and vagins |
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | kidney tubules and ducts + secretory portions of small glands. (secretion + absorption) |
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | (protection) large ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands |
Simple Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non- ciliated is found in the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, ducts and glands Ciliated is found in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and the uterus Main purpose is abso |
Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Rare in the body- small amounts are found in the male urethra The main purpose is protection and secretion. |
Pseudostratified (ciliated) Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non ciliated is found in the sperm ducts Ciliated is found in the trachea and upper respiratory tract Its main purpose is Secretion |
Transitional Epithelium is found lining the | Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra Its main purpose is to stretch and permits distension |
Exocrine glands | Secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities ; contain ducts |
Serous glands | Produce a watery solution that contains enzymes |
Mucous glands | Produce viscous, sticky mucus |
Mixed glands | Produce both types of secretions |
Unicellular glands (goblet cells) | Individual secretory cells that occur in epithelia containing scattered gland cells. |
Multicellular glands | Produce exocrine or endocrine secretions |
Endocrine glands | Ductless and secrete product (hormones) directly into the blood stream |
Fibroblast | Most abundant cell type and they produce fibers and extracellular matrix |
Osteoblasts | Secrete the collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix |
Mature Osteocytes | Inhabit small pits or cavities called lacunae |
Blood | Classified as atypical connective tissue because of it's structure; yet, it is a connective tissue type because it originates from mesenchyme |
RBC | Red blood cells/ erythrocytes |
WBC | White blood cells/ leukocytes |
Cutaneous membrane (skin) | Any membrane that covers the outer surface of the body |
Mucous Membrane (mucosa) | Moist membrane that lines hollow internal organs that open to the body exterior |
Serous membrane (serosa) | Slippery membrane that lines closed pleura, pericardial, peritoneal cavities |
Skeletal Muscle | Multinucleated muscle cells have a cylindrical and striated appearance due to highly organized arrangement of myofilaments. |
Cardiac Muscle | Branching cells have a striated appearance; one nucleus; presence of intercalated discs special cellular junctions |
Smooth Muscle | No visible striations; one centrally located nucleus; spindle shaped cells; usually functions in propelling substances through hollow organs |
Neurons | Highly specialized nerve cells w/ extensions and processes that allow electrical impulse transmission |
Neuralgia( supporting cells) | non- conducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the neurons |
Functions of Integumentary system | Physical protection Regulation of body temperature Excretion +Secretion Nutrition synthesis Sensation Immune Defense |
Keratinocytes | Most abundant cell type Produce keratin through fibrous protein Produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals |
Melanocyte | Produce melanin |
Merkel Cells | Associated w/ sensory nerve ending fibers Receptors for touch |
Langerhan Cells | macrophage like dendritic cell polic outer body surface Receptor- mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins |
Stratum Basale/ Germinativum (basal Layer) | Single Row of stem cells (keratinocytes) Contains Merker Cells and Melanocytes Under continuous Mitoses |
Stratum Spinosum | Langerhan Cells Tonofibrils |
Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer) | 3-5 layers of Flattened Keratinocytes |
Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer) (Does not stain well) | Transition zone Found only in thick skin (Palms of hands +Soles of feet) |
Stratum Corneum (horny layer) | Dead Keratinocytes Water proofing glycolipids Many cell layers thick |
Dermis | Divided into papillary + reticular; Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, scattered white blood cells; supplied w. nerve fibers + blood vessels; nourishment + temp regulation |
Eccrine | Most numerous type Produces true sweat (99% H2o, 1% electrolytes) |
Functions of Sweat; thermoregulation | sweat cools the skin surface and reduces body temp |
Functions of sweat; excretion of | water and electrocytes |
Functions of sweat; protection | Via dilution of chemicals on the skin and via bactericidal effects. |
Apocrine | Axillary + Genital areas Larger than eccrine |
Mammary Glands | Milk producing glands Related to apocrine sweat glands |
Ceruminous Glands | Auditory canal (ears) Cerumen (earwax) |
The Scientific study of the structure of the human body is | Anatomy |
Organs are associated into functionally related groups called | systems |
The body is placed in what position? | anatomical |
What body cavity lies directly inferior to the diaphragm? | abdominopelvic cavity |
The body cavity that is enclosed by the rib cage is known as the | Thoracic Cavity |
The body cavity surrounded by the hipbone is called the | Pelvic Cavity |
The term "arm" in anatomy refers to the region between the | Shoulder and Elbow (humerus) |
The term "leg" in anatomy refers to the region between the | knee and ankle |
A mitochondrion belongs to which level or organization? | Cellular |
The lungs belong to the | Respiratory system |
The stomach belongs to the | Digestive System |
Calls in the body have a fluid surrounding them known as | extracellular fluid |
The cytoplasm has a liquid portion called | cytosol |
What stricture in a cell is mostly composed of a phospholipid bilayer? | Plasmalemma |
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? | Mitochondria |
Which organelle makes protein for use outside the cell? | ribosomes |
Which organelle in the cell produces lipids? | Smooth ER |
Which organelle contains DNA? | Nucleus |
Which cellular structure is responsible for ribosome production? | Nucleolus |
Of the three events of the cell cycle, which one is DNA duplicated? | Prophase |
When in the cell cycle do chromosomes first split apart? | Anaphase |
The division of the cytoplasm occurs in what part of the cell cycle? | Telophase |
Anabolism | Building something; ribosomes |
Catabolism | Breaking things down for energy |
Axial | Houses Ventral Organs (brain and Spine) |
Appendicular | extremities |
Supine | lying down w/ fave up |
Prone | Lying down w/ face down |
How many Phalanges does a human have? | 56 |
How many digits does a human have? | 20 |
Ventral is lined by | A two layer serous membrane |
Cytosol | liquid in the cell |
Ribosomes Produce | proteins |
Diffusion | High Concentration to Low concentration. The Solute is moving |
Osmosis | High Concentration to low concentration. Solvent is moving. (H2o) |
Active Transport | Requires ATP, Against concentration gradient, low concentration to high concentration, (going up river) |
Ion pumps | Active and moving two things |
Pinocytosis | cell drinking |
Phagocytosis | Cell Eating (Bacteria & Viruses) |
Mitochondria | Produce ATP |
Mitosis | cell seperation |
Chemical Level | Atoms- building blocks of matter Combine to form small molecules and larger macromolecules |
Cellular Level | Cells are comprised of molecules Smallest living units in the body |
Tissue Level | Similar type of cells w/ a common function, combine to form tissues. There are 4 primary tissue types |
Organ Level | More than one tissue (often all 4 types) combine to form organs |
Organ system Level | Organs that work together combine to form an organ system to accomplish a common purpose. There are 11 organ systems |
Human Organism | The highest level of structural organization. Combination of all organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism. |
Integumentary System | provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin D |
Skeletal System | Provides protection and support to the body organs. Store minerals. Blood cell formation |
Muscular System | Produces Motion Provides Support Produces Heat |
Nervous System | Control Center of body. Responds ti internal + external stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands. |
Endocrine System | Glands which Secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems -->metabolism, growth, reproduction |
CardioVascular System | Comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood to transport materials w/i the body. Respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes |
Lymphoid (lymphatic/immune system) | Returns leaked fluid to blood; provides defense against pathogens + diseases by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that function in immunity. |
Respiratory System | Maintains the blood's constant supply of oxygen and removal supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange at the alveoli |
Digestive System | Processing food + absorbing nutrients |
Urinary System | Eliminate excess water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood |
Reproductive System | Produces sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring |
Anatomical Position | Person standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward feet flat on floor, face straight ahead |
Axial Region | Head. Neck, Torso |
Appendicular region | upper and lower limbs |
Cephalon (Cephalic) | area of the neck |
Cervics (cervical) | neck region |
Thoracis (Thoracic) | chest region |
Brachium (brachial) | upper arm |
Antebrachium (antebrachial) | forearm |
Carpus (carpal) | wrist |
Manus (manual) | hand |
Pollicis (pollex) | thumb |
Abdomen (abdominal) | abdominal region |
Umbilicus (umbilical) | navel or belly button |
Pelvis (pelvic) | pelvic region |
inguen (inguinal) | groin |
Pubis (pubic) | anterior pelvis or genital region |
Lumbus (lumbar) | lower back |
Gluteus (gluteal) | buttock region |
Femur(femoral) | thigh |
Patella (patellar) | kneecap |
Crus(crural) | anterior leg from knee to ankle |
Sura (sural) | posterior calf of the leg |
Tarsus (tarsal) | ankle |
Pes (Pedal) | foot (pedals of a bike) |
Plants (plantar) | the bottom of the foot, sole |
Hallux (hallux) | great toe or big toe |
Parietal pleura | Thin serous membrane that lines the chest walls |
Visceral Pleura | thin serous membrane that adheres to the lungs |
Serous fluid | Fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
Parietal Pericardium | The thin serous membrane that lines the pericardial walls |
Visceral pericardium | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the heart surface |
Serous Fluid | Fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
Parietal Peritoneum | This serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity |
Visceral peritoneum | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the serous membrane |
Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are retroperitoneal baecause | they are located behind the abdominopelvic cavity |
Absorption | the route through which substances can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions |
Hair is only visible on | Thin skin |
Merocrine and ericrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion |
Compact bone is lined by | Periosteum (DICT) |
Compact bone has | Osteons |
Spongy, Cancellous, trabecular Bone is lined by | endosteum (DICT) |
Spongy bone does not have _____ but has _____ | Osteons, Trabeculae + Spicules |
Fibrocartilage is found in | intervertebral discs + symphyses |
hyaline cartilage is found in | Epiphyses (end of bones) |
Elastic cartilage is found in | auricles (ears) |
The connective tissue in ligaments (bone to bone) is | DRCT |
Osteoclasts are used in | the breakdown of bones |
Mature osteocytes are found in | lacunae |
The structure of compact bone is | Dense and solid |
The structure of spongy bone is | an open network of struts and plates |
In the metaphysis you will find | the endochondral growth plate |
Epiphyses | ends of bones |
Diaphysis | shaft of bones |
Osteogenesis | Creation of bone |
Calcification | Repairing the tissue (cartilage) by depositing calcium salts into tissues |
The clavicle and skeletal bones are formed | intramembranous (sheet of membranes) |
Passive transport | No ATP |
Active transport | Uses ATP ion pumps |
Rats Prefer Houses w/ Cheese | Resting, Proliferation, Hypertrophy |
What kind of cells are found in LACT? | Fibrocytes- Fibroblasts |
Where is DRCT found? | ligaments + tendons |
Where is DICT found? | Dermis of the skin (very tough) |
Sebum | lubricate |
Free nerve ending are for felling | Pain and temp |
What is an osteon? | the organization to which compact bone is laid down |
In terms of shape, what type of bone are the tarsals? | short |
In terms of shape, what type of bone are the metacarpals? | long |
In terms if shape, what type of bone is the sternum? | flat |
In terms of shape what type are the upper bones of the cranium? | flat |
The inorganic portion of bone tissue is made of what mineral shaft? | Hydroxyapatite |
A young adult has how many bones? | 206 |
The patella is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular |
What role do osteoblasts have in maintaining bone tissue? | forming of the bones |
The ribs are part of which skeletal division? | axial |
The radius is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular |
The carpal bone is classified as a | short bone |
The ends of a long bone are known as the | emphysis |
The clavicle belongs to the | pectoral girdle |
The hyoid bone belongs to the | axial skeleton |
What is another name for the cuticle of the fingernail? | eponychium, |
The outermost portion of a cross section of hair is known as the | citicle |
What does the piloerector muscle do? | Contracts when cold , secually aroused, and causes goose bumps |
What part of the hair is found on the outside of the skin? | Hair shaft |
Since hair color is determined by pigment in the cortex and the hair shaft is dead, explain the fallacy of a person's hair turning white over night | The turning of hair color is a slow process and it is only one strand a night |
Electrolysis is the process of hair removal using electric current. Explain how this might destroy the process of hair growth in relation to the hair bulb | it destroys the bulb itself |
Hair of the axilla is considered determinate hair because | it grows to a specific length and then stops |
What integumentary gland secretes sebum? | Sebaceous glands |
Which kind of sweat gland is involved in evaporative cooling? | merocrine |
The release of heat from the body occurs by blood vessels in what main layer of the integument? | Dermis |
What is the most common connective tissue fiber found in the dermis? | Collagenous Fibers |
The dermis has two main layers. Which one of these is the most superficial? | papillary layer |
Approximately how long does it take for the epidermis to renew itself? | every 6 weeks |
What specific protein makes the epidermis tough? | Keratin |
What cell type [produces a pigment that darkens the skin? | Melanocytes |
What is the main function of Collagenous Fibers in the integumentary system? | strength and flexibility |
What is the main function of the blood vessels in the integumentary system? | Bring nutrients to the epidermis + dermis |
What is the main function of the nerves in the integumentary system? | Sensory info |
In the cross section of bone you can usually see two types of bones, what are these? | Compact, Cancellous |
What is another name for calcium salts in the bone? | Hydroxyapatite crystal (bone salt) |
What is the function of hyaline cartilage? | Reduces friction @ joints, keeps air passages open |
What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Protects from wear and tear @ weight bearing or stressed joints |
What kind of fibers are in fibrocartilage? | Collagenous |
Name the outer connective tissue layer that wraps around cartilage | Perichondrium |
What is the cell type found in adipose tissue? | adipocytes |
What type of connective tissue is found in the middle walls of arteries? | Elastic connective tissue |
What is the ground substance of blood called? | Plasma |
What cell type is responsible for the transmission of electrochemical impulses? | Neuron |
What type of muscle makes up most of the muscle of your arm? | Skeletal |
The heats is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Cardiac |
The intestine is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Smooth |
What muscle cell type has intercalated discs? | cardiac |
Smooth muscle is | nonstriated and involuntary |
Cardiac muscle is | striated and involuntary |
Skeletal muscle is | striated and voluntary |
What cell type lines the inside of the urinary bladder? | transitional epithelium |
Squamous cells have what general shape? | flat, egg shaped |
A multiple layer of flattened epithelial cells represents what cell type? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
A single flattened layer of cells represents what type of epithelium? | Simple squamous epithelium |
Name the three general cell chapes | Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar |
Simple epithelium has how many layers of cells? | 1 |
What is the name of the noncellular layer that attaches epithelial tissue to other layers? | basement |
What are the four main tissues of the body | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
Long Bones | elongated shape (not based on overall size) -> femur(thigh bone); phalanges and metacarpals(hand bones) |
Short Bones | Roughly cube- shaped ->Carpals(wrist bones); patella(also includes sesamoid bones) |
Flat bones | thin, flattened, usually somewhat curve shaped ->cranial bones of the skull; ribs; sternum; scapula |
Irregular Bones | various shapes and do not fit into previous categories -> vertebrae, os coxae (hip bones) |
Organization of the zones within the epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal to diaphyseal side) | Resting Cartilage Proliferating Cartilage Hypertrophy Calcification |
Bone deppsition | Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on bone surfaces and calcium phosphate salts crystallize within osteoid |
Bone reabsorption | Osteoclasts break down bone by secreting acid (which dissolves the mineral part of the matrix) and lysosomal enzymes ( which digest the organic part of the matrix). |
Fracture | A crack of break in a bone |
Fracture hematoma | A large blood clot that closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area |
Osteomalacia | A softening of bone due to a decrease in the mineral content |
Osteomyelitis | a painful infection in a bone, usually caused by bacteria |
Osteopenia | A reduction in bone mass and density |
Osteoporosis | A disease characterized by deterioration in the histological organization of bone tissue, leading to a reduction in bone mass to a degree that compromises normal function |
Osseous (bone) tissue | a supporting connective tissue with specialized cells and a solid, extracellular matrix of protein fibers and a ground substance. |
supine | face up |
Cytology | study of cells |
homeostasis | constant internal environment |
lumbar | lower back |
prone | face down |
metabolism | all chemical activity in the body |
ventral body cavity | Thoracic and abdominopelvic |
Histology | Study of tissues |
Spongy bone is formed of | struts and plates |
The basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the | osteon |
Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of | a hyaline cartilage model |
When sexual hormone production increases, bone production | accelerates rapidly |
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates that | epiphyseal growth has ended |
The inadequate ossification that occurs with aging is called | osteopenia |
The process by which the diameter of a developing bone enlarges is | appositional growth at the outer surface |
The sternum is an example of a | flat bone |
a small, rough projection of a bone is termed a | tuberosity |
The effects of aging on the skin include | a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands |
skin color is product of | the dermal blood supply pigment concentration pigment composition |
The layer of the skin that contains both interwoven bundles of collagen fibers and the protein elastin and is responsible for the strength of skin is the | reticular layer |
The layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the | stratum basale |
All of the following are effects of aging except | an increase in the number of langerhans cells |
each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except | synthesis of vitamin C |
Carotene is | an orange-yellow pigment that accumulates inside epidermal cells |
Which best describes hair root? | it extends from the hair bulb to the point where the internal organization of the hair is complete |
Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that binds the capsules that surround many organs? | Deep fascia |
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of | serous membrane |
What type of supporting tissue is found in the pinna of the ear and the tip of the nose? | elastic cartolage |
An epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by | a basal lamina |
Which of the following are wandering cells found in connective tissue proper? | eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells |
The viscous, superficial coating on the outer surface of the plasmalemma is the | glycocalyx |
In comparison with the intracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid contains | a lower concentration of dissolved proteins |
Membrane flow provides a mechanism for | continual change in the characteristics of membranes increases in the size of the cell response of the cell to a specific environmental stimulus |
If a cell lacks mitochondria, the direct result will be that it cannot | produce substantial amounts of ATP |
Three major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum are | synthesis, storage, transport |
The function of a selectively permeable plasmalemma is to | permit the free passage of some materials but restrict passage of others |
The presence of invading pathogens in the extracellular fluid would stimulate immune cells to engage the mechanism of | Phagocytosis |
The major function of the cardiovascular system is the | internal transport of nutrients, wastes and gases |
What structures are enclosed in the mediastinum? | esophagus,trachea, thymus |
The primary site of blood cell production is within the | lymphatic system |
What region corresponds with the arm? | brachial |