Chapters 1-5 Martini, Timmons, & Tallitsch, 6th Edition, Human Anatomy
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| Merocrine and erocrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion
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| Neuroglia | Supporting cells
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| Neurons | Actual cell
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| Ligaments | bone to bone
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| Aponeuroses | Flat from muscle to bone
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| Tendons | Muscle to bone
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| Holocrine secretion | The cell dies with it
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| Apocrine | Destroys portion of the cell in order to release. Basal cell still stays
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| Merocrine |
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| Endocrine | Ductless/ Hormones
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| Exocrine | Have ducts
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| Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial? | skin, vagina, esophagus
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| What cells make up LACT? | fibroblasts
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| What cells make up Adipose Connective tissue? | Adipocytes
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| What cells make up bone? | Osteocytes
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| What cells make up cartilage? | Chondrocytes
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| Collagen | made with thick robe of collagen
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| Elastin | Made up of elastic (cardiovascular system)
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| Reticular | Made up of a single thread of collagen
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| What are the fluid connective tissues? | Blood and Lymph
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| What are the loose connective tissue proper? | LACT, Adipose , and Reticular
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| What are the Dense connective tissue proper? | DRCT, DICT
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| What are the supporting connective tissues? | Bone and Cartilage
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| Adaptability | long-term responsiveness
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| Adaption | The change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an environment.
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| Differentiation | The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
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| Excretion | The process of removing metabolic waste products and other useless materials.
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| Growth | Refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and or the # of individual cells
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| Metabolism | Set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
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| Anabolism | Construction of molecules via metabolic pathways from smaller units. (building things)
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| Catabolism | Breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways, into smaller units, consequently releasing energy. (catastrophe)
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| Reproduction | The process of a new individual organism is produced, therefore , it is essential to the continuity of life.
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| Supine | The patient lying down w/ their face up
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| Prone | The patient lying down w/ thei face down
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| Responsiveness | The ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus: also irritability
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| Somatic Cells | Body cells
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| Sex Cells | Reproductive cells or Germ cells
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| Integral proteins | embedded in the phospholipids bilayer
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| Peripheral proteins | attached to the membrane but can separate from it.
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| Channels | Allow water and ions to move across a membrane
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| Gated Channels | Can open and close
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| Microvilli | Increase surface area
absorption
secretion
cellular adhesion
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| Diffusion | Net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved
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| Osmosis | Net movement(diffusion) of a solvent (h2o) across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low concentration (high water potential) to a solution with a high solute concentration (low water potential)
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| Active membrane Processes | Mediated processes of moving molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP.
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| Active Transport | Energy-dependent (requires ATP) and independent of concentration gradients; some ion pumps are exchange pumps
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| Endocytosis | A Process where cell absorb material (proteins) from the outside by engulfing it w/ their cell membrane.
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| Phagocytosis | Cell eating; cells ingest large objects, such as bacteria or viruses
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| Receptor- mediated endocytosis | Specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits.
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| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking; uptake solutes and single molecules; proteins
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| Cytosol | Intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes and surrounds the cellular organelles
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| Organelles | Specialized subunits w/i a cell that has specific functions
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| Nucleus | Has DNA; cell's control center; transmits genetic info
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| Nucleoli | Ribosomal RNA synthesis
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| Chromatin | Chromosome in the non-coiled state when the cell is not dividing
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| Mitochondrium | bean shaped organelles; cellular power plants; generate 95% of the cells ATP
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER (RER) | Has attached ribosomes; makes all proteins that are secreted from cells.
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Sommth ER (SER) | DOES NOT have attached ribosomes; lipid and carbohydrate synthesis; lipid metabolism; calcium ion storage; drug detoxification
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| Golgi Apparatus | Packages materials for lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane.
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| Lysosome | Contain digestive enzymes; digests unwanted substances (organelles, food particles, viruses, bacteria)
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| Peroxisomes | Contains enzymes (oxidases, catalases); removes toxic peroxides from the body
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| Ribosomes | Site of Protein synthesis
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| Free Ribosomes | Located w/i the cytosol
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| Fixed Ribosomes | Bound to the RER
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| Cytoskeleton | Confers strength and flexibility to the cytoplasm; provides support and shape to the cell.
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| Microtubules | The main support of the cell. Moves and separates DNA strands during cell division
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| Microfilaments | Mainly composed of thin strands of the actin protein.
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| Intermediate Filaments | transport of materials w/i the cytoplasm
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| Thick Filaments | produce movement w/ the action of actin
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| Centrioles | Directs the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Forms the bases of cilia and flagella
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| Cilia | Function is movement of fluids or secretions across the cell surface by beating rhythmically.
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| Flagellum | Has tail, sperm
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| Microvilli | Increase the surface area of cells
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| Interphase | G1; cells are active/ proteins being made
S; DNA replicates itself
G2; enzymes are synthesized
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| Prophase | Chromatin threads coil and condense; nucleoli disappear; mitotic spindle forms; nuclear envelope fragments
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| Metaphase | Centromeres precisely align at the equator (exact center) of the spindle
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| Anaphase | Chromatid pairs separate v-shaped daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends
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| Telophase | Nuclear membranes form and the nuclei enlarge as the chromosomes begin to uncoil
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| Cytokinesis | Contractile ring forms a cleavage furrow squeezes the cells apart.
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| Tissue is defined as | A group of closely associated cells, which are similar in structure and perform related ( and limited) functions
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| Histology | The study of tissues
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| The four primary tissue types are | Epithelial(epithelium)
Connective
Muscle
Nervous (neural)
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| Epithelium | Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity who's purposes are protection, sensory reception, secretion, absorption, ion transport.
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| Epithelial Apical Surface Features | Microvilli; increase epithelial surface area; may anchor sheets of mucous
Stereocilia; very long microvilli that can not move
Cilia; move fluid, usually mucous
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| Epithelial Lateral Surface Features | Cell junctions; desmosomes, tight junction, gap junction
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| Epithelial Basal Surface Features | Basal Lamina; a sheet of proteins, which acts as a filter and as a scaffolding on which regenerating epithelial cells grow
Basement Membrane; formed by the basal lamina plus some underlying reticular fibers
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| Simple Epithelia | One layer of cells
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| Stratified Epithelia | 2 or more layers of cells
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| Pseudostratified w/ Cilia Epithelia | a simple epithelium that contains both short and tall cells; pseudostratified columnar
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| Squamous | Flattened cytoplasm and nucleus
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| Cuboidal | Spherical Nucleus
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| Columnar | Oval or elongated nucleus, usually located basally
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| Transitional Epithelial | Stratifies epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the expansion of their cells' lumens (open spaces)
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Lines alveoli of lungs; seen in endothelium of blood vessels and mesothelium of the ventral body cavity;Molecules diffuse through the delicate and thin layer of flat cells
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Non-Keratinized forms in the esophagus, mouth, and vagins
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | kidney tubules and ducts + secretory portions of small glands. (secretion + absorption)
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| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | (protection) large ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
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| Simple Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non- ciliated is found in the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, ducts and glands
Ciliated is found in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and the uterus
Main purpose is abso
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| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Rare in the body- small amounts are found in the male urethra
The main purpose is protection and secretion.
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| Pseudostratified (ciliated) Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non ciliated is found in the sperm ducts
Ciliated is found in the trachea and upper respiratory tract
Its main purpose is Secretion
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| Transitional Epithelium is found lining the | Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
Its main purpose is to stretch and permits distension
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| Exocrine glands | Secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities ; contain ducts
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| Serous glands | Produce a watery solution that contains enzymes
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| Mucous glands | Produce viscous, sticky mucus
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| Mixed glands | Produce both types of secretions
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| Unicellular glands (goblet cells) | Individual secretory cells that occur in epithelia containing scattered gland cells.
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| Multicellular glands | Produce exocrine or endocrine secretions
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| Endocrine glands | Ductless and secrete product (hormones) directly into the blood stream
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| Fibroblast | Most abundant cell type and they produce fibers and extracellular matrix
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| Osteoblasts | Secrete the collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix
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| Mature Osteocytes | Inhabit small pits or cavities called lacunae
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| Blood | Classified as atypical connective tissue because of it's structure; yet, it is a connective tissue type because it originates from mesenchyme
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| RBC | Red blood cells/ erythrocytes
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| WBC | White blood cells/ leukocytes
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| Cutaneous membrane (skin) | Any membrane that covers the outer surface of the body
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| Mucous Membrane (mucosa) | Moist membrane that lines hollow internal organs that open to the body exterior
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| Serous membrane (serosa) | Slippery membrane that lines closed pleura, pericardial, peritoneal cavities
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| Skeletal Muscle | Multinucleated muscle cells have a cylindrical and striated appearance due to highly organized arrangement of myofilaments.
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| Cardiac Muscle | Branching cells have a striated appearance; one nucleus; presence of intercalated discs
special cellular junctions
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| Smooth Muscle | No visible striations; one centrally located nucleus; spindle shaped cells; usually functions in propelling substances through hollow organs
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| Neurons | Highly specialized nerve cells w/ extensions and processes that allow electrical impulse transmission
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| Neuralgia( supporting cells) | non- conducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the neurons
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| Functions of Integumentary system | Physical protection
Regulation of body temperature
Excretion +Secretion
Nutrition synthesis
Sensation
Immune Defense
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| Keratinocytes | Most abundant cell type
Produce keratin through fibrous protein
Produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals
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| Melanocyte | Produce melanin
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| Merkel Cells | Associated w/ sensory nerve ending fibers
Receptors for touch
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| Langerhan Cells | macrophage like dendritic cell
polic outer body surface
Receptor- mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins
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| Stratum Basale/ Germinativum (basal Layer) | Single Row of stem cells (keratinocytes)
Contains Merker Cells and Melanocytes
Under continuous Mitoses
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| Stratum Spinosum | Langerhan Cells
Tonofibrils
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| Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer) | 3-5 layers of Flattened Keratinocytes
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| Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer) (Does not stain well) | Transition zone
Found only in thick skin
(Palms of hands +Soles of feet)
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| Stratum Corneum (horny layer) | Dead Keratinocytes
Water proofing glycolipids
Many cell layers thick
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| Dermis | Divided into papillary + reticular; Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, scattered white blood cells; supplied w. nerve fibers + blood vessels; nourishment + temp regulation
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| Eccrine | Most numerous type
Produces true sweat (99% H2o, 1% electrolytes)
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| Functions of Sweat; thermoregulation | sweat cools the skin surface and reduces body temp
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| Functions of sweat; excretion of | water and electrocytes
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| Functions of sweat; protection | Via dilution of chemicals on the skin and via bactericidal effects.
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| Apocrine | Axillary + Genital areas
Larger than eccrine
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| Mammary Glands | Milk producing glands
Related to apocrine sweat glands
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| Ceruminous Glands | Auditory canal (ears)
Cerumen (earwax)
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| The Scientific study of the structure of the human body is | Anatomy
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| Organs are associated into functionally related groups called | systems
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| The body is placed in what position? | anatomical
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| What body cavity lies directly inferior to the diaphragm? | abdominopelvic cavity
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| The body cavity that is enclosed by the rib cage is known as the | Thoracic Cavity
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| The body cavity surrounded by the hipbone is called the | Pelvic Cavity
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| The term "arm" in anatomy refers to the region between the | Shoulder and Elbow (humerus)
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| The term "leg" in anatomy refers to the region between the | knee and ankle
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| A mitochondrion belongs to which level or organization? | Cellular
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| The lungs belong to the | Respiratory system
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| The stomach belongs to the | Digestive System
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| Calls in the body have a fluid surrounding them known as | extracellular fluid
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| The cytoplasm has a liquid portion called | cytosol
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| What stricture in a cell is mostly composed of a phospholipid bilayer? | Plasmalemma
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| Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? | Mitochondria
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| Which organelle makes protein for use outside the cell? | ribosomes
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| Which organelle in the cell produces lipids? | Smooth ER
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| Which organelle contains DNA? | Nucleus
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| Which cellular structure is responsible for ribosome production? | Nucleolus
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| Of the three events of the cell cycle, which one is DNA duplicated? | Prophase
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| When in the cell cycle do chromosomes first split apart? | Anaphase
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| The division of the cytoplasm occurs in what part of the cell cycle? | Telophase
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| Anabolism | Building something; ribosomes
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| Catabolism | Breaking things down for energy
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| Axial | Houses Ventral Organs (brain and Spine)
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| Appendicular | extremities
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| Supine | lying down w/ fave up
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| Prone | Lying down w/ face down
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| How many Phalanges does a human have? | 56
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| How many digits does a human have? | 20
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| Ventral is lined by | A two layer serous membrane
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| Cytosol | liquid in the cell
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| Ribosomes Produce | proteins
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| Diffusion | High Concentration to Low concentration. The Solute is moving
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| Osmosis | High Concentration to low concentration. Solvent is moving. (H2o)
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| Active Transport | Requires ATP, Against concentration gradient, low concentration to high concentration, (going up river)
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| Ion pumps | Active and moving two things
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| Pinocytosis | cell drinking
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| Phagocytosis | Cell Eating (Bacteria & Viruses)
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| Mitochondria | Produce ATP
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| Mitosis | cell seperation
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| Chemical Level | Atoms- building blocks of matter
Combine to form small molecules and larger macromolecules
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| Cellular Level | Cells are comprised of molecules
Smallest living units in the body
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| Tissue Level | Similar type of cells w/ a common function, combine to form tissues. There are 4 primary tissue types
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| Organ Level | More than one tissue (often all 4 types) combine to form organs
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| Organ system Level | Organs that work together combine to form an organ system to accomplish a common purpose. There are 11 organ systems
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| Human Organism | The highest level of structural organization. Combination of all organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism.
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| Integumentary System | provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin D
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| Skeletal System | Provides protection and support to the body organs. Store minerals. Blood cell formation
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| Muscular System | Produces Motion
Provides Support
Produces Heat
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| Nervous System | Control Center of body. Responds ti internal + external stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
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| Endocrine System | Glands which Secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems
-->metabolism, growth, reproduction
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| CardioVascular System | Comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood to transport materials w/i the body. Respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
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| Lymphoid (lymphatic/immune system) | Returns leaked fluid to blood; provides defense against pathogens + diseases by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that function in immunity.
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| Respiratory System | Maintains the blood's constant supply of oxygen and removal supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange at the alveoli
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| Digestive System | Processing food + absorbing nutrients
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| Urinary System | Eliminate excess water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood
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| Reproductive System | Produces sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring
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| Anatomical Position | Person standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward feet flat on floor, face straight ahead
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| Axial Region | Head. Neck, Torso
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| Appendicular region | upper and lower limbs
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| Cephalon (Cephalic) | area of the neck
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| Cervics (cervical) | neck region
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| Thoracis (Thoracic) | chest region
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| Brachium (brachial) | upper arm
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| Antebrachium (antebrachial) | forearm
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| Carpus (carpal) | wrist
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| Manus (manual) | hand
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| Pollicis (pollex) | thumb
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| Abdomen (abdominal) | abdominal region
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| Umbilicus (umbilical) | navel or belly button
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| Pelvis (pelvic) | pelvic region
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| inguen (inguinal) | groin
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| Pubis (pubic) | anterior pelvis or genital region
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| Lumbus (lumbar) | lower back
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| Gluteus (gluteal) | buttock region
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| Femur(femoral) | thigh
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| Patella (patellar) | kneecap
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| Crus(crural) | anterior leg
from knee to ankle
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| Sura (sural) | posterior calf of the leg
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| Tarsus (tarsal) | ankle
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| Pes (Pedal) | foot
(pedals of a bike)
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| Plants (plantar) | the bottom of the foot, sole
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| Hallux (hallux) | great toe or big toe
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| Parietal pleura | Thin serous membrane that lines the chest walls
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| Visceral Pleura | thin serous membrane that adheres to the lungs
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| Serous fluid | Fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane
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| Parietal Pericardium | The thin serous membrane that lines the pericardial walls
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| Visceral pericardium | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the heart surface
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| Serous Fluid | Fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane
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| Parietal Peritoneum | This serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
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| Visceral peritoneum | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the serous membrane
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| Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are retroperitoneal baecause | they are located behind the abdominopelvic cavity
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| Absorption | the route through which substances can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions
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| Hair is only visible on | Thin skin
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| Merocrine and ericrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion
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| Compact bone is lined by | Periosteum (DICT)
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| Compact bone has | Osteons
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| Spongy, Cancellous, trabecular Bone is lined by | endosteum (DICT)
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| Spongy bone does not have _____ but has _____ | Osteons, Trabeculae + Spicules
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| Fibrocartilage is found in | intervertebral discs + symphyses
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| hyaline cartilage is found in | Epiphyses (end of bones)
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| Elastic cartilage is found in | auricles (ears)
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| The connective tissue in ligaments (bone to bone) is | DRCT
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| Osteoclasts are used in | the breakdown of bones
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| Mature osteocytes are found in | lacunae
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| The structure of compact bone is | Dense and solid
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| The structure of spongy bone is | an open network of struts and plates
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| In the metaphysis you will find | the endochondral growth plate
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| Epiphyses | ends of bones
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| Diaphysis | shaft of bones
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| Osteogenesis | Creation of bone
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| Calcification | Repairing the tissue (cartilage) by depositing calcium salts into tissues
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| The clavicle and skeletal bones are formed | intramembranous (sheet of membranes)
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| Passive transport | No ATP
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| Active transport | Uses ATP
ion pumps
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| Rats Prefer Houses w/ Cheese | Resting, Proliferation, Hypertrophy
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| What kind of cells are found in LACT? | Fibrocytes- Fibroblasts
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| Where is DRCT found? | ligaments + tendons
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| Where is DICT found? | Dermis of the skin
(very tough)
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| Sebum | lubricate
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| Free nerve ending are for felling | Pain and temp
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| What is an osteon? | the organization to which compact bone is laid down
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| In terms of shape, what type of bone are the tarsals? | short
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| In terms of shape, what type of bone are the metacarpals? | long
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| In terms if shape, what type of bone is the sternum? | flat
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| In terms of shape what type are the upper bones of the cranium? | flat
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|
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| The inorganic portion of bone tissue is made of what mineral shaft? | Hydroxyapatite
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|
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| A young adult has how many bones? | 206
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|
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| The patella is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular
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|
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| What role do osteoblasts have in maintaining bone tissue? | forming of the bones
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|
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| The ribs are part of which skeletal division? | axial
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|
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| The radius is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular
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|
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| The carpal bone is classified as a | short bone
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|
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| The ends of a long bone are known as the | emphysis
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|
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| The clavicle belongs to the | pectoral girdle
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|
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| The hyoid bone belongs to the | axial skeleton
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|
||||
| What is another name for the cuticle of the fingernail? | eponychium,
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|
||||
| The outermost portion of a cross section of hair is known as the | citicle
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|
||||
| What does the piloerector muscle do? | Contracts when cold , secually aroused, and causes goose bumps
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|
||||
| What part of the hair is found on the outside of the skin? | Hair shaft
🗑
|
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| Since hair color is determined by pigment in the cortex and the hair shaft is dead, explain the fallacy of a person's hair turning white over night | The turning of hair color is a slow process and it is only one strand a night
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|
||||
| Electrolysis is the process of hair removal using electric current. Explain how this might destroy the process of hair growth in relation to the hair bulb | it destroys the bulb itself
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|
||||
| Hair of the axilla is considered determinate hair because | it grows to a specific length and then stops
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|
||||
| What integumentary gland secretes sebum? | Sebaceous glands
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|
||||
| Which kind of sweat gland is involved in evaporative cooling? | merocrine
🗑
|
||||
| The release of heat from the body occurs by blood vessels in what main layer of the integument? | Dermis
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|
||||
| What is the most common connective tissue fiber found in the dermis? | Collagenous Fibers
🗑
|
||||
| The dermis has two main layers. Which one of these is the most superficial? | papillary layer
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|
||||
| Approximately how long does it take for the epidermis to renew itself? | every 6 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| What specific protein makes the epidermis tough? | Keratin
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|
||||
| What cell type [produces a pigment that darkens the skin? | Melanocytes
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|
||||
| What is the main function of Collagenous Fibers in the integumentary system? | strength and flexibility
🗑
|
||||
| What is the main function of the blood vessels in the integumentary system? | Bring nutrients to the epidermis + dermis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the main function of the nerves in the integumentary system? | Sensory info
🗑
|
||||
| In the cross section of bone you can usually see two types of bones, what are these? | Compact, Cancellous
🗑
|
||||
| What is another name for calcium salts in the bone? | Hydroxyapatite crystal (bone salt)
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of hyaline cartilage? | Reduces friction @ joints, keeps air passages open
🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Protects from wear and tear @ weight bearing or stressed joints
🗑
|
||||
| What kind of fibers are in fibrocartilage? | Collagenous
🗑
|
||||
| Name the outer connective tissue layer that wraps around cartilage | Perichondrium
🗑
|
||||
| What is the cell type found in adipose tissue? | adipocytes
🗑
|
||||
| What type of connective tissue is found in the middle walls of arteries? | Elastic connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| What is the ground substance of blood called? | Plasma
🗑
|
||||
| What cell type is responsible for the transmission of electrochemical impulses? | Neuron
🗑
|
||||
| What type of muscle makes up most of the muscle of your arm? | Skeletal
🗑
|
||||
| The heats is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Cardiac
🗑
|
||||
| The intestine is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Smooth
🗑
|
||||
| What muscle cell type has intercalated discs? | cardiac
🗑
|
||||
| Smooth muscle is | nonstriated and involuntary
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac muscle is | striated and involuntary
🗑
|
||||
| Skeletal muscle is | striated and voluntary
🗑
|
||||
| What cell type lines the inside of the urinary bladder? | transitional epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cells have what general shape? | flat, egg shaped
🗑
|
||||
| A multiple layer of flattened epithelial cells represents what cell type? | Stratified squamous epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| A single flattened layer of cells represents what type of epithelium? | Simple squamous epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| Name the three general cell chapes | Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
🗑
|
||||
| Simple epithelium has how many layers of cells? | 1
🗑
|
||||
| What is the name of the noncellular layer that attaches epithelial tissue to other layers? | basement
🗑
|
||||
| What are the four main tissues of the body | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
🗑
|
||||
| Long Bones | elongated shape (not based on overall size)
-> femur(thigh bone); phalanges and metacarpals(hand bones)
🗑
|
||||
| Short Bones | Roughly cube- shaped
->Carpals(wrist bones); patella(also includes sesamoid bones)
🗑
|
||||
| Flat bones | thin, flattened, usually somewhat curve shaped
->cranial bones of the skull; ribs; sternum; scapula
🗑
|
||||
| Irregular Bones | various shapes and do not fit into previous categories
-> vertebrae, os coxae (hip bones)
🗑
|
||||
| Organization of the zones within the epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal to diaphyseal side) | Resting Cartilage
Proliferating Cartilage
Hypertrophy
Calcification
🗑
|
||||
| Bone deppsition | Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on bone surfaces and calcium phosphate salts crystallize within osteoid
🗑
|
||||
| Bone reabsorption | Osteoclasts break down bone by secreting acid (which dissolves the mineral part of the matrix) and lysosomal enzymes ( which digest the organic part of the matrix).
🗑
|
||||
| Fracture | A crack of break in a bone
🗑
|
||||
| Fracture hematoma | A large blood clot that closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area
🗑
|
||||
| Osteomalacia | A softening of bone due to a decrease in the mineral content
🗑
|
||||
| Osteomyelitis | a painful infection in a bone, usually caused by bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| Osteopenia | A reduction in bone mass and density
🗑
|
||||
| Osteoporosis | A disease characterized by deterioration in the histological organization of bone tissue, leading to a reduction in bone mass to a degree that compromises normal function
🗑
|
||||
| Osseous (bone) tissue | a supporting connective tissue with specialized cells and a solid, extracellular matrix of protein fibers and a ground substance.
🗑
|
||||
| supine | face up
🗑
|
||||
| Cytology | study of cells
🗑
|
||||
| homeostasis | constant internal environment
🗑
|
||||
| lumbar | lower back
🗑
|
||||
| prone | face down
🗑
|
||||
| metabolism | all chemical activity in the body
🗑
|
||||
| ventral body cavity | Thoracic and abdominopelvic
🗑
|
||||
| Histology | Study of tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Spongy bone is formed of | struts and plates
🗑
|
||||
| The basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the | osteon
🗑
|
||||
| Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of | a hyaline cartilage model
🗑
|
||||
| When sexual hormone production increases, bone production | accelerates rapidly
🗑
|
||||
| The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates that | epiphyseal growth has ended
🗑
|
||||
| The inadequate ossification that occurs with aging is called | osteopenia
🗑
|
||||
| The process by which the diameter of a developing bone enlarges is | appositional growth at the outer surface
🗑
|
||||
| The sternum is an example of a | flat bone
🗑
|
||||
| a small, rough projection of a bone is termed a | tuberosity
🗑
|
||||
| The effects of aging on the skin include | a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands
🗑
|
||||
| skin color is product of | the dermal blood supply
pigment concentration
pigment composition
🗑
|
||||
| The layer of the skin that contains both interwoven bundles of collagen fibers and the protein elastin and is responsible for the strength of skin is the | reticular layer
🗑
|
||||
| The layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the | stratum basale
🗑
|
||||
| All of the following are effects of aging except | an increase in the number of langerhans cells
🗑
|
||||
| each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except | synthesis of vitamin C
🗑
|
||||
| Carotene is | an orange-yellow pigment that accumulates inside epidermal cells
🗑
|
||||
| Which best describes hair root? | it extends from the hair bulb to the point where the internal organization of the hair is complete
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that binds the capsules that surround many organs? | Deep fascia
🗑
|
||||
| The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of | serous membrane
🗑
|
||||
| What type of supporting tissue is found in the pinna of the ear and the tip of the nose? | elastic cartolage
🗑
|
||||
| An epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by | a basal lamina
🗑
|
||||
| Which of the following are wandering cells found in connective tissue proper? | eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells
🗑
|
||||
| The viscous, superficial coating on the outer surface of the plasmalemma is the | glycocalyx
🗑
|
||||
| In comparison with the intracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid contains | a lower concentration of dissolved proteins
🗑
|
||||
| Membrane flow provides a mechanism for | continual change in the characteristics of membranes
increases in the size of the cell
response of the cell to a specific environmental stimulus
🗑
|
||||
| If a cell lacks mitochondria, the direct result will be that it cannot | produce substantial amounts of ATP
🗑
|
||||
| Three major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum are | synthesis, storage, transport
🗑
|
||||
| The function of a selectively permeable plasmalemma is to | permit the free passage of some materials but restrict passage of others
🗑
|
||||
| The presence of invading pathogens in the extracellular fluid would stimulate immune cells to engage the mechanism of | Phagocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| The major function of the cardiovascular system is the | internal transport of nutrients, wastes and gases
🗑
|
||||
| What structures are enclosed in the mediastinum? | esophagus,trachea, thymus
🗑
|
||||
| The primary site of blood cell production is within the | lymphatic system
🗑
|
||||
| What region corresponds with the arm? | brachial
🗑
|
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