Anatomy exam 1 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Question | Answer |
| Merocrine and erocrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion |
| Neuroglia | Supporting cells |
| Neurons | Actual cell |
| Ligaments | bone to bone |
| Aponeuroses | Flat from muscle to bone |
| Tendons | Muscle to bone |
| Holocrine secretion | The cell dies with it |
| Apocrine | Destroys portion of the cell in order to release. Basal cell still stays |
| Merocrine | |
| Endocrine | Ductless/ Hormones |
| Exocrine | Have ducts |
| Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial? | skin, vagina, esophagus |
| What cells make up LACT? | fibroblasts |
| What cells make up Adipose Connective tissue? | Adipocytes |
| What cells make up bone? | Osteocytes |
| What cells make up cartilage? | Chondrocytes |
| Collagen | made with thick robe of collagen |
| Elastin | Made up of elastic (cardiovascular system) |
| Reticular | Made up of a single thread of collagen |
| What are the fluid connective tissues? | Blood and Lymph |
| What are the loose connective tissue proper? | LACT, Adipose , and Reticular |
| What are the Dense connective tissue proper? | DRCT, DICT |
| What are the supporting connective tissues? | Bone and Cartilage |
| Adaptability | long-term responsiveness |
| Adaption | The change in living organisms that allow them to live successfully in an environment. |
| Differentiation | The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. |
| Excretion | The process of removing metabolic waste products and other useless materials. |
| Growth | Refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due to an increase in the size and or the # of individual cells |
| Metabolism | Set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. |
| Anabolism | Construction of molecules via metabolic pathways from smaller units. (building things) |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of molecules, via metabolic pathways, into smaller units, consequently releasing energy. (catastrophe) |
| Reproduction | The process of a new individual organism is produced, therefore , it is essential to the continuity of life. |
| Supine | The patient lying down w/ their face up |
| Prone | The patient lying down w/ thei face down |
| Responsiveness | The ability of an organism to change activity or functioning, based upon the application of a stimulus: also irritability |
| Somatic Cells | Body cells |
| Sex Cells | Reproductive cells or Germ cells |
| Integral proteins | embedded in the phospholipids bilayer |
| Peripheral proteins | attached to the membrane but can separate from it. |
| Channels | Allow water and ions to move across a membrane |
| Gated Channels | Can open and close |
| Microvilli | Increase surface area absorption secretion cellular adhesion |
| Diffusion | Net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved |
| Osmosis | Net movement(diffusion) of a solvent (h2o) across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low concentration (high water potential) to a solution with a high solute concentration (low water potential) |
| Active membrane Processes | Mediated processes of moving molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP. |
| Active Transport | Energy-dependent (requires ATP) and independent of concentration gradients; some ion pumps are exchange pumps |
| Endocytosis | A Process where cell absorb material (proteins) from the outside by engulfing it w/ their cell membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eating; cells ingest large objects, such as bacteria or viruses |
| Receptor- mediated endocytosis | Specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits. |
| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking; uptake solutes and single molecules; proteins |
| Cytosol | Intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes and surrounds the cellular organelles |
| Organelles | Specialized subunits w/i a cell that has specific functions |
| Nucleus | Has DNA; cell's control center; transmits genetic info |
| Nucleoli | Ribosomal RNA synthesis |
| Chromatin | Chromosome in the non-coiled state when the cell is not dividing |
| Mitochondrium | bean shaped organelles; cellular power plants; generate 95% of the cells ATP |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER (RER) | Has attached ribosomes; makes all proteins that are secreted from cells. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Sommth ER (SER) | DOES NOT have attached ribosomes; lipid and carbohydrate synthesis; lipid metabolism; calcium ion storage; drug detoxification |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages materials for lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane. |
| Lysosome | Contain digestive enzymes; digests unwanted substances (organelles, food particles, viruses, bacteria) |
| Peroxisomes | Contains enzymes (oxidases, catalases); removes toxic peroxides from the body |
| Ribosomes | Site of Protein synthesis |
| Free Ribosomes | Located w/i the cytosol |
| Fixed Ribosomes | Bound to the RER |
| Cytoskeleton | Confers strength and flexibility to the cytoplasm; provides support and shape to the cell. |
| Microtubules | The main support of the cell. Moves and separates DNA strands during cell division |
| Microfilaments | Mainly composed of thin strands of the actin protein. |
| Intermediate Filaments | transport of materials w/i the cytoplasm |
| Thick Filaments | produce movement w/ the action of actin |
| Centrioles | Directs the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Forms the bases of cilia and flagella |
| Cilia | Function is movement of fluids or secretions across the cell surface by beating rhythmically. |
| Flagellum | Has tail, sperm |
| Microvilli | Increase the surface area of cells |
| Interphase | G1; cells are active/ proteins being made S; DNA replicates itself G2; enzymes are synthesized |
| Prophase | Chromatin threads coil and condense; nucleoli disappear; mitotic spindle forms; nuclear envelope fragments |
| Metaphase | Centromeres precisely align at the equator (exact center) of the spindle |
| Anaphase | Chromatid pairs separate v-shaped daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends |
| Telophase | Nuclear membranes form and the nuclei enlarge as the chromosomes begin to uncoil |
| Cytokinesis | Contractile ring forms a cleavage furrow squeezes the cells apart. |
| Tissue is defined as | A group of closely associated cells, which are similar in structure and perform related ( and limited) functions |
| Histology | The study of tissues |
| The four primary tissue types are | Epithelial(epithelium) Connective Muscle Nervous (neural) |
| Epithelium | Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity who's purposes are protection, sensory reception, secretion, absorption, ion transport. |
| Epithelial Apical Surface Features | Microvilli; increase epithelial surface area; may anchor sheets of mucous Stereocilia; very long microvilli that can not move Cilia; move fluid, usually mucous |
| Epithelial Lateral Surface Features | Cell junctions; desmosomes, tight junction, gap junction |
| Epithelial Basal Surface Features | Basal Lamina; a sheet of proteins, which acts as a filter and as a scaffolding on which regenerating epithelial cells grow Basement Membrane; formed by the basal lamina plus some underlying reticular fibers |
| Simple Epithelia | One layer of cells |
| Stratified Epithelia | 2 or more layers of cells |
| Pseudostratified w/ Cilia Epithelia | a simple epithelium that contains both short and tall cells; pseudostratified columnar |
| Squamous | Flattened cytoplasm and nucleus |
| Cuboidal | Spherical Nucleus |
| Columnar | Oval or elongated nucleus, usually located basally |
| Transitional Epithelial | Stratifies epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the expansion of their cells' lumens (open spaces) |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Lines alveoli of lungs; seen in endothelium of blood vessels and mesothelium of the ventral body cavity;Molecules diffuse through the delicate and thin layer of flat cells |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Non-Keratinized forms in the esophagus, mouth, and vagins |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | kidney tubules and ducts + secretory portions of small glands. (secretion + absorption) |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium is found in the | (protection) large ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non- ciliated is found in the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, ducts and glands Ciliated is found in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and the uterus Main purpose is abso |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Rare in the body- small amounts are found in the male urethra The main purpose is protection and secretion. |
| Pseudostratified (ciliated) Columnar Epithelium is found in the | Non ciliated is found in the sperm ducts Ciliated is found in the trachea and upper respiratory tract Its main purpose is Secretion |
| Transitional Epithelium is found lining the | Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra Its main purpose is to stretch and permits distension |
| Exocrine glands | Secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities ; contain ducts |
| Serous glands | Produce a watery solution that contains enzymes |
| Mucous glands | Produce viscous, sticky mucus |
| Mixed glands | Produce both types of secretions |
| Unicellular glands (goblet cells) | Individual secretory cells that occur in epithelia containing scattered gland cells. |
| Multicellular glands | Produce exocrine or endocrine secretions |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless and secrete product (hormones) directly into the blood stream |
| Fibroblast | Most abundant cell type and they produce fibers and extracellular matrix |
| Osteoblasts | Secrete the collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix |
| Mature Osteocytes | Inhabit small pits or cavities called lacunae |
| Blood | Classified as atypical connective tissue because of it's structure; yet, it is a connective tissue type because it originates from mesenchyme |
| RBC | Red blood cells/ erythrocytes |
| WBC | White blood cells/ leukocytes |
| Cutaneous membrane (skin) | Any membrane that covers the outer surface of the body |
| Mucous Membrane (mucosa) | Moist membrane that lines hollow internal organs that open to the body exterior |
| Serous membrane (serosa) | Slippery membrane that lines closed pleura, pericardial, peritoneal cavities |
| Skeletal Muscle | Multinucleated muscle cells have a cylindrical and striated appearance due to highly organized arrangement of myofilaments. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Branching cells have a striated appearance; one nucleus; presence of intercalated discs special cellular junctions |
| Smooth Muscle | No visible striations; one centrally located nucleus; spindle shaped cells; usually functions in propelling substances through hollow organs |
| Neurons | Highly specialized nerve cells w/ extensions and processes that allow electrical impulse transmission |
| Neuralgia( supporting cells) | non- conducting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the neurons |
| Functions of Integumentary system | Physical protection Regulation of body temperature Excretion +Secretion Nutrition synthesis Sensation Immune Defense |
| Keratinocytes | Most abundant cell type Produce keratin through fibrous protein Produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals |
| Melanocyte | Produce melanin |
| Merkel Cells | Associated w/ sensory nerve ending fibers Receptors for touch |
| Langerhan Cells | macrophage like dendritic cell polic outer body surface Receptor- mediated endocytosis to take up foreign proteins |
| Stratum Basale/ Germinativum (basal Layer) | Single Row of stem cells (keratinocytes) Contains Merker Cells and Melanocytes Under continuous Mitoses |
| Stratum Spinosum | Langerhan Cells Tonofibrils |
| Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer) | 3-5 layers of Flattened Keratinocytes |
| Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer) (Does not stain well) | Transition zone Found only in thick skin (Palms of hands +Soles of feet) |
| Stratum Corneum (horny layer) | Dead Keratinocytes Water proofing glycolipids Many cell layers thick |
| Dermis | Divided into papillary + reticular; Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, scattered white blood cells; supplied w. nerve fibers + blood vessels; nourishment + temp regulation |
| Eccrine | Most numerous type Produces true sweat (99% H2o, 1% electrolytes) |
| Functions of Sweat; thermoregulation | sweat cools the skin surface and reduces body temp |
| Functions of sweat; excretion of | water and electrocytes |
| Functions of sweat; protection | Via dilution of chemicals on the skin and via bactericidal effects. |
| Apocrine | Axillary + Genital areas Larger than eccrine |
| Mammary Glands | Milk producing glands Related to apocrine sweat glands |
| Ceruminous Glands | Auditory canal (ears) Cerumen (earwax) |
| The Scientific study of the structure of the human body is | Anatomy |
| Organs are associated into functionally related groups called | systems |
| The body is placed in what position? | anatomical |
| What body cavity lies directly inferior to the diaphragm? | abdominopelvic cavity |
| The body cavity that is enclosed by the rib cage is known as the | Thoracic Cavity |
| The body cavity surrounded by the hipbone is called the | Pelvic Cavity |
| The term "arm" in anatomy refers to the region between the | Shoulder and Elbow (humerus) |
| The term "leg" in anatomy refers to the region between the | knee and ankle |
| A mitochondrion belongs to which level or organization? | Cellular |
| The lungs belong to the | Respiratory system |
| The stomach belongs to the | Digestive System |
| Calls in the body have a fluid surrounding them known as | extracellular fluid |
| The cytoplasm has a liquid portion called | cytosol |
| What stricture in a cell is mostly composed of a phospholipid bilayer? | Plasmalemma |
| Which organelle is responsible for ATP production? | Mitochondria |
| Which organelle makes protein for use outside the cell? | ribosomes |
| Which organelle in the cell produces lipids? | Smooth ER |
| Which organelle contains DNA? | Nucleus |
| Which cellular structure is responsible for ribosome production? | Nucleolus |
| Of the three events of the cell cycle, which one is DNA duplicated? | Prophase |
| When in the cell cycle do chromosomes first split apart? | Anaphase |
| The division of the cytoplasm occurs in what part of the cell cycle? | Telophase |
| Anabolism | Building something; ribosomes |
| Catabolism | Breaking things down for energy |
| Axial | Houses Ventral Organs (brain and Spine) |
| Appendicular | extremities |
| Supine | lying down w/ fave up |
| Prone | Lying down w/ face down |
| How many Phalanges does a human have? | 56 |
| How many digits does a human have? | 20 |
| Ventral is lined by | A two layer serous membrane |
| Cytosol | liquid in the cell |
| Ribosomes Produce | proteins |
| Diffusion | High Concentration to Low concentration. The Solute is moving |
| Osmosis | High Concentration to low concentration. Solvent is moving. (H2o) |
| Active Transport | Requires ATP, Against concentration gradient, low concentration to high concentration, (going up river) |
| Ion pumps | Active and moving two things |
| Pinocytosis | cell drinking |
| Phagocytosis | Cell Eating (Bacteria & Viruses) |
| Mitochondria | Produce ATP |
| Mitosis | cell seperation |
| Chemical Level | Atoms- building blocks of matter Combine to form small molecules and larger macromolecules |
| Cellular Level | Cells are comprised of molecules Smallest living units in the body |
| Tissue Level | Similar type of cells w/ a common function, combine to form tissues. There are 4 primary tissue types |
| Organ Level | More than one tissue (often all 4 types) combine to form organs |
| Organ system Level | Organs that work together combine to form an organ system to accomplish a common purpose. There are 11 organ systems |
| Human Organism | The highest level of structural organization. Combination of all organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism. |
| Integumentary System | provides protection and thermoregulation; synthesizes vitamin D |
| Skeletal System | Provides protection and support to the body organs. Store minerals. Blood cell formation |
| Muscular System | Produces Motion Provides Support Produces Heat |
| Nervous System | Control Center of body. Responds ti internal + external stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands. |
| Endocrine System | Glands which Secrete hormones that regulate processes of the other organ systems -->metabolism, growth, reproduction |
| CardioVascular System | Comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood to transport materials w/i the body. Respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes |
| Lymphoid (lymphatic/immune system) | Returns leaked fluid to blood; provides defense against pathogens + diseases by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that function in immunity. |
| Respiratory System | Maintains the blood's constant supply of oxygen and removal supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exchange at the alveoli |
| Digestive System | Processing food + absorbing nutrients |
| Urinary System | Eliminate excess water, salts, and nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood |
| Reproductive System | Produces sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring |
| Anatomical Position | Person standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward feet flat on floor, face straight ahead |
| Axial Region | Head. Neck, Torso |
| Appendicular region | upper and lower limbs |
| Cephalon (Cephalic) | area of the neck |
| Cervics (cervical) | neck region |
| Thoracis (Thoracic) | chest region |
| Brachium (brachial) | upper arm |
| Antebrachium (antebrachial) | forearm |
| Carpus (carpal) | wrist |
| Manus (manual) | hand |
| Pollicis (pollex) | thumb |
| Abdomen (abdominal) | abdominal region |
| Umbilicus (umbilical) | navel or belly button |
| Pelvis (pelvic) | pelvic region |
| inguen (inguinal) | groin |
| Pubis (pubic) | anterior pelvis or genital region |
| Lumbus (lumbar) | lower back |
| Gluteus (gluteal) | buttock region |
| Femur(femoral) | thigh |
| Patella (patellar) | kneecap |
| Crus(crural) | anterior leg from knee to ankle |
| Sura (sural) | posterior calf of the leg |
| Tarsus (tarsal) | ankle |
| Pes (Pedal) | foot (pedals of a bike) |
| Plants (plantar) | the bottom of the foot, sole |
| Hallux (hallux) | great toe or big toe |
| Parietal pleura | Thin serous membrane that lines the chest walls |
| Visceral Pleura | thin serous membrane that adheres to the lungs |
| Serous fluid | Fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
| Parietal Pericardium | The thin serous membrane that lines the pericardial walls |
| Visceral pericardium | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the heart surface |
| Serous Fluid | Fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane |
| Parietal Peritoneum | This serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Visceral peritoneum | The thin serous membrane that adheres to the serous membrane |
| Kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are retroperitoneal baecause | they are located behind the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Absorption | the route through which substances can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions |
| Hair is only visible on | Thin skin |
| Merocrine and ericrine glands both produce sweat via | Merocrine secretion |
| Compact bone is lined by | Periosteum (DICT) |
| Compact bone has | Osteons |
| Spongy, Cancellous, trabecular Bone is lined by | endosteum (DICT) |
| Spongy bone does not have _____ but has _____ | Osteons, Trabeculae + Spicules |
| Fibrocartilage is found in | intervertebral discs + symphyses |
| hyaline cartilage is found in | Epiphyses (end of bones) |
| Elastic cartilage is found in | auricles (ears) |
| The connective tissue in ligaments (bone to bone) is | DRCT |
| Osteoclasts are used in | the breakdown of bones |
| Mature osteocytes are found in | lacunae |
| The structure of compact bone is | Dense and solid |
| The structure of spongy bone is | an open network of struts and plates |
| In the metaphysis you will find | the endochondral growth plate |
| Epiphyses | ends of bones |
| Diaphysis | shaft of bones |
| Osteogenesis | Creation of bone |
| Calcification | Repairing the tissue (cartilage) by depositing calcium salts into tissues |
| The clavicle and skeletal bones are formed | intramembranous (sheet of membranes) |
| Passive transport | No ATP |
| Active transport | Uses ATP ion pumps |
| Rats Prefer Houses w/ Cheese | Resting, Proliferation, Hypertrophy |
| What kind of cells are found in LACT? | Fibrocytes- Fibroblasts |
| Where is DRCT found? | ligaments + tendons |
| Where is DICT found? | Dermis of the skin (very tough) |
| Sebum | lubricate |
| Free nerve ending are for felling | Pain and temp |
| What is an osteon? | the organization to which compact bone is laid down |
| In terms of shape, what type of bone are the tarsals? | short |
| In terms of shape, what type of bone are the metacarpals? | long |
| In terms if shape, what type of bone is the sternum? | flat |
| In terms of shape what type are the upper bones of the cranium? | flat |
| The inorganic portion of bone tissue is made of what mineral shaft? | Hydroxyapatite |
| A young adult has how many bones? | 206 |
| The patella is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular |
| What role do osteoblasts have in maintaining bone tissue? | forming of the bones |
| The ribs are part of which skeletal division? | axial |
| The radius is part of which skeletal division? | appendicular |
| The carpal bone is classified as a | short bone |
| The ends of a long bone are known as the | emphysis |
| The clavicle belongs to the | pectoral girdle |
| The hyoid bone belongs to the | axial skeleton |
| What is another name for the cuticle of the fingernail? | eponychium, |
| The outermost portion of a cross section of hair is known as the | citicle |
| What does the piloerector muscle do? | Contracts when cold , secually aroused, and causes goose bumps |
| What part of the hair is found on the outside of the skin? | Hair shaft |
| Since hair color is determined by pigment in the cortex and the hair shaft is dead, explain the fallacy of a person's hair turning white over night | The turning of hair color is a slow process and it is only one strand a night |
| Electrolysis is the process of hair removal using electric current. Explain how this might destroy the process of hair growth in relation to the hair bulb | it destroys the bulb itself |
| Hair of the axilla is considered determinate hair because | it grows to a specific length and then stops |
| What integumentary gland secretes sebum? | Sebaceous glands |
| Which kind of sweat gland is involved in evaporative cooling? | merocrine |
| The release of heat from the body occurs by blood vessels in what main layer of the integument? | Dermis |
| What is the most common connective tissue fiber found in the dermis? | Collagenous Fibers |
| The dermis has two main layers. Which one of these is the most superficial? | papillary layer |
| Approximately how long does it take for the epidermis to renew itself? | every 6 weeks |
| What specific protein makes the epidermis tough? | Keratin |
| What cell type [produces a pigment that darkens the skin? | Melanocytes |
| What is the main function of Collagenous Fibers in the integumentary system? | strength and flexibility |
| What is the main function of the blood vessels in the integumentary system? | Bring nutrients to the epidermis + dermis |
| What is the main function of the nerves in the integumentary system? | Sensory info |
| In the cross section of bone you can usually see two types of bones, what are these? | Compact, Cancellous |
| What is another name for calcium salts in the bone? | Hydroxyapatite crystal (bone salt) |
| What is the function of hyaline cartilage? | Reduces friction @ joints, keeps air passages open |
| What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Protects from wear and tear @ weight bearing or stressed joints |
| What kind of fibers are in fibrocartilage? | Collagenous |
| Name the outer connective tissue layer that wraps around cartilage | Perichondrium |
| What is the cell type found in adipose tissue? | adipocytes |
| What type of connective tissue is found in the middle walls of arteries? | Elastic connective tissue |
| What is the ground substance of blood called? | Plasma |
| What cell type is responsible for the transmission of electrochemical impulses? | Neuron |
| What type of muscle makes up most of the muscle of your arm? | Skeletal |
| The heats is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Cardiac |
| The intestine is mostly composed of what kind of muscle? | Smooth |
| What muscle cell type has intercalated discs? | cardiac |
| Smooth muscle is | nonstriated and involuntary |
| Cardiac muscle is | striated and involuntary |
| Skeletal muscle is | striated and voluntary |
| What cell type lines the inside of the urinary bladder? | transitional epithelium |
| Squamous cells have what general shape? | flat, egg shaped |
| A multiple layer of flattened epithelial cells represents what cell type? | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| A single flattened layer of cells represents what type of epithelium? | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Name the three general cell chapes | Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar |
| Simple epithelium has how many layers of cells? | 1 |
| What is the name of the noncellular layer that attaches epithelial tissue to other layers? | basement |
| What are the four main tissues of the body | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| Long Bones | elongated shape (not based on overall size) -> femur(thigh bone); phalanges and metacarpals(hand bones) |
| Short Bones | Roughly cube- shaped ->Carpals(wrist bones); patella(also includes sesamoid bones) |
| Flat bones | thin, flattened, usually somewhat curve shaped ->cranial bones of the skull; ribs; sternum; scapula |
| Irregular Bones | various shapes and do not fit into previous categories -> vertebrae, os coxae (hip bones) |
| Organization of the zones within the epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal to diaphyseal side) | Resting Cartilage Proliferating Cartilage Hypertrophy Calcification |
| Bone deppsition | Osteoblasts secrete osteoid on bone surfaces and calcium phosphate salts crystallize within osteoid |
| Bone reabsorption | Osteoclasts break down bone by secreting acid (which dissolves the mineral part of the matrix) and lysosomal enzymes ( which digest the organic part of the matrix). |
| Fracture | A crack of break in a bone |
| Fracture hematoma | A large blood clot that closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area |
| Osteomalacia | A softening of bone due to a decrease in the mineral content |
| Osteomyelitis | a painful infection in a bone, usually caused by bacteria |
| Osteopenia | A reduction in bone mass and density |
| Osteoporosis | A disease characterized by deterioration in the histological organization of bone tissue, leading to a reduction in bone mass to a degree that compromises normal function |
| Osseous (bone) tissue | a supporting connective tissue with specialized cells and a solid, extracellular matrix of protein fibers and a ground substance. |
| supine | face up |
| Cytology | study of cells |
| homeostasis | constant internal environment |
| lumbar | lower back |
| prone | face down |
| metabolism | all chemical activity in the body |
| ventral body cavity | Thoracic and abdominopelvic |
| Histology | Study of tissues |
| Spongy bone is formed of | struts and plates |
| The basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the | osteon |
| Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of | a hyaline cartilage model |
| When sexual hormone production increases, bone production | accelerates rapidly |
| The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates that | epiphyseal growth has ended |
| The inadequate ossification that occurs with aging is called | osteopenia |
| The process by which the diameter of a developing bone enlarges is | appositional growth at the outer surface |
| The sternum is an example of a | flat bone |
| a small, rough projection of a bone is termed a | tuberosity |
| The effects of aging on the skin include | a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands |
| skin color is product of | the dermal blood supply pigment concentration pigment composition |
| The layer of the skin that contains both interwoven bundles of collagen fibers and the protein elastin and is responsible for the strength of skin is the | reticular layer |
| The layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the | stratum basale |
| All of the following are effects of aging except | an increase in the number of langerhans cells |
| each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except | synthesis of vitamin C |
| Carotene is | an orange-yellow pigment that accumulates inside epidermal cells |
| Which best describes hair root? | it extends from the hair bulb to the point where the internal organization of the hair is complete |
| Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that binds the capsules that surround many organs? | Deep fascia |
| The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of | serous membrane |
| What type of supporting tissue is found in the pinna of the ear and the tip of the nose? | elastic cartolage |
| An epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by | a basal lamina |
| Which of the following are wandering cells found in connective tissue proper? | eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells |
| The viscous, superficial coating on the outer surface of the plasmalemma is the | glycocalyx |
| In comparison with the intracellular fluid, the extracellular fluid contains | a lower concentration of dissolved proteins |
| Membrane flow provides a mechanism for | continual change in the characteristics of membranes increases in the size of the cell response of the cell to a specific environmental stimulus |
| If a cell lacks mitochondria, the direct result will be that it cannot | produce substantial amounts of ATP |
| Three major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum are | synthesis, storage, transport |
| The function of a selectively permeable plasmalemma is to | permit the free passage of some materials but restrict passage of others |
| The presence of invading pathogens in the extracellular fluid would stimulate immune cells to engage the mechanism of | Phagocytosis |
| The major function of the cardiovascular system is the | internal transport of nutrients, wastes and gases |
| What structures are enclosed in the mediastinum? | esophagus,trachea, thymus |
| The primary site of blood cell production is within the | lymphatic system |
| What region corresponds with the arm? | brachial |
Created by:
alicia1992