Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BASICS OF PHARM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| measure to reduce adverse reactions to medication administration | forewarn patients as to activities that may precipitate an adverse reaction |
| problems with trade names | one drug may have different trade names because of different formulations |
| problems with trade names | can be used for different products |
| why are highly lipid souble drugs are absorbed more rapidly than low-lipid soluble drugs | high lipid soluble drugs cross membranes that separate them from the blood |
| parenteral | outside the GI tract (injection by IV, subQ, IM) |
| at what rate should IV meds be administered | over one full minute |
| how long does it take an IV drug injected in the AC to reach the brain | 15 seconds |
| what are depot preparations | preparations from which the drug is absorbed slowly over an extended time |
| what kinds of compounds do not pass freely from the maternal bloodstream into the fetus bloodstream | ionized, highly polar, protein bound drugs remain in the bloodstream |
| benathine pcn G can be released at a therapeutical amount over one month from a single IM injection, what type of preparation would this be called | depot preparation |
| what types of compounds pass freely from the maternal bloodstream to fetus? | lipid soluble compounds and non-ionized compounds |
| what can occur when two highly protein bound drugs are given together | compete for sites on the protein |
| what happens when two highly protein bound drugs are given together and compete for sites | drug with weakest attraction becomes "free" and can reach toxic levels |
| high protein bound drug | warfarin, ASA, Paroxetine |
| drugs that are highly bound to protein may exhibit (increased/ decreased) levels in the blood when the patient is gound to be in a malnourished state | increased |
| biotransformation (drug metabolism) | enzymatic alteration of drug structure |
| where does most drug metabolism take place | liver |
| if two drugs are given that both utilize the same p450 hepatic microsomal system, the drug level in the blood of the drug that is not metabolized (increases/ decreases) | increases |
| what age does hepatic maturation occur | about 1 year after birth |
| drug metabolizing capacity in infants is (decreased/ increased) | decreased |
| how is the first pass effect circumvented | when a drug is given parenterally |
| what is an example of a drug that if given orally would be destroyed in the "first pass" through the GI tract | nitroglycerin given sublingual |
| what aspect of pharacokinetics (absorption, distribution, excretion, metabolism) is affected in pts with kidney disease? | excretion |
| the range of plasma drug level that falls between minimum effective concentration and teh toxic concentration is called what? | therapeutic range |
| drug with narrow therapeutic rang is (more/ less) dangerous | more |
| time requried for drug in the body to decrease by 50% is called? | half-life |
| how many half lives does it take for a drug to reach plateu | four half lives |
| drugs with long half-life need to be administered (more/ less) frequently than drugs that have a short half life | less frequently |
| agonists | molecules that activate receptors |
| antagonists | molecules that prevent receptor activation |
| drugs that mimic the body's own regulatory molecules are called | agonists |
| desensitizing occurs when teh receptors of a cell are continually exposed to an agonist; the cell becomes less responsive. | down-regulation |
| the does required to produce a defined therapeutic response in 50% of the population is | ED50 |
| ratio of a drug's LD50 to its ED50 | therapeutic index (measure of drug safety) |
| drug with high therapeutic index is (safe/ unsafe) | safe |
| laxatives (reduce/ increase) absorption | reduce (speeds passage of drugs throough intestine) |
| drugs that decrease peristalsis and cause increased drug time (and increased absorption) in the intestines | morphine and atropine |
| When an inducing drug such as phenobarbital is taken concurrently with another medication, the metabolism of the other medications is (increased or decreased)? | The metabolism is increased and the drug is excreted more rapidly |
| Accelerated metabolism would lead to (increased or decreased) blood levels of other drugs | decreased |
| with inducing drug (more/ less) of the other medication would be needed | more |
| grapefruit juice can (inhibit/ induce) the matabolism of certain drugs, thereby (raising/ lowering) their blood levels | inhibit, raising |
| potential consequences when CCB's taken with grapefruit juice | inhibits metabolism; can cause toxicity |
| how to administer drug "on an empty stomach" | 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals |
| patient over what age account for over 50% of all adverse drug reactions (ADR's) | elders over the age of 65 |
| when do side effects usually occur | soon after onset of drug, or in some cases weeks or months afterwards |
| can an allergic reaction occur without prior sensitizaiton to the immune system? | must have prior sensitizaiton |
| define idiosyncratic effect | uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition |
| succinylcholine is used to promote temporary paralysis. In some patients, the genes that code for succinylcholine-metabolizing enqymes are abnormal and lead to prolonged paralysis. | idiosyncratic effect |
| life threatening response characterized by bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, drop in BP | anaphylaxis |
| why is abrupt discontinuation of a medication discouraged | withdrawal reactions possible |
| why are women more at risk for prolonged QT interval | women have longer QT than men |
| what is the most common cause of acute liver failure and hepatoxicity | drugs |
| teratogenic | drug induced birth defect |
| 3 most common causes of fatal medication errors | human factor, communication mistakes, name confusion |
| why are elderly more sensitive | organ dysfunction, polypharmacy, comorbidities, cognitive decline |
| a patient with kidney or liver dieae would require (higher/ lower) dose of medication | lower |
| ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration is known as what | bioavailability |
| component of a drug response that is caused by psychologic factors and not by the biochemical or physiologic properties of the drug is known as what | placebo |
| form of tolerance that can be defined as a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short time is known as what? | tachyphylaxis |
| decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration | tolerance |
| a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency that takes aspirin or a sulfanilamide is at reisk for what disorder | hemolysis (red blood cell destruction) |
| during pregnancy, increased renal blood flow leads to accelrated excretion of drugs. thes process may reuire (increased/ decreased) drug amount | increase |
| SSRI's are schedule ______ drugs. | not scheduled |
| medications with black box warning | ssri's, salmeterol, avandia, metformin (sulfonlureas), antispychotics |
| which herbal remedy is an inducer and can decrease levels of warfarin, cyclosporine, ocp, antiretrovirals | st johns wort |
| name a drug that is an inducer | phenobarbital |
| diseae or condition produced by a doctor or other health care provider or drugs is known as what | iatrogenic effect |
| do pharmacokinetics change throughout the lifespan | yes |
| drugs that recommend genetic testing | warfarin, carbamazepine, tratuzumab, abacavir |
Created by:
10106641229185323
Popular Nursing sets