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Cellular Respiration
cellular respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cellular Respiration | Aerobic process that usually involves the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. Uses energy created to synthesize ATP molecules |
| oxidation-reduction reaction | Cellular respiration: gluclose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced |
| Metabolic Pathways | allow the energy within a glucose molecule to be released slowly so that ATP can be produced gradually |
| ATP molecules produced from breakdown of one glucose | 36 or 38 (about 40% of the potential energy within a glucose molecule) |
| How is the energy released for most cellular reactions | the removal of a single phosphate group |
| NAD+ to NADH | when a substrate is oxidized and hydrogen atomes are removed |
| NAD+ | a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction because it accepts hydrogen atoms, while NADH gives them away |
| FAD to FADH | When FAD accepts hydrogen atoms |
| Glycolysis | breakdown of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate- occurs in the cytoplasm |
| Pyruvate | a 3 Carbon molecule |
| Preparatory/Link reaction | Pyruvate is oxidized to a 2 Carbon acetyl group carried by CoA and CO2 is removed(occurs twice per glucose molecule)- take place in the matrix |
| citric acid cycle/Kreb cycle | series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATPthe cycle turns twice because two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the cycle per glucose molecule- take place in the matrix |
| Electon Transport chain | series of carries that accept the electrons removed from the glucose and pass them along until they are received by oxygen- located in the cristae of the mitochondria |
| fermentation | occurs if no oxygen is available to the cell occurs in the cytoplasmreduced to lactate or to carbon dioxide and alcoholnet gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule |
| substrate-level ATP synthesis | an enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP, and ATP results |
| cristae | - folds of inner membrane on a mitochondrion that jut out into the matrix- increase the internal surface of a mitochondrion- contain an APT synthase complex |
| matrix | an innermost compartment filled with a gel-like fluid |
| How do mitochondria utilize ATP synthesis? | chemiosmosis- ATP production is tied to an electrochemical gradient, namely the unequal distribution of H+ across te cristae |
| Endosperm | - Mixture of proteins, lipids , and carbohydrates that are the source of nutrients for the embryo- as the plant takes up water, the nutrients go into solution; this causes the embryo to take up nutrients and inrease the rate of respiration |
| Respiratory Quotient | - the amount of carbon dioxide produced, divided by the amound of oxygen used in a given time- it can tell us what kind of subtrate is being oxidized in respiration |
| High RQs | - resorting to anaerobic respiration- the conversion of cabs to fat- preparing to hibernate/fattening livestock |
| Low RQs | - some or all of the carbon dioxide is released/utilized |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the phosphorylation of ADP during chemiosmosis is a result of the energy obtained through the oxidation of NADH+ H+ and FADH2 |
| oxidative decarboxylation | the oxidation of pyruvate by NAD+ is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide |
| Chemiosmosis | - final step of cellular respiration where ATP is formed- as the H+ diffuse through the CF particle, the energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP |
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