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8th Science
2015 Chapter 1 - A Beka Book
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science | the study of the matter and movement of God's physical creation |
| Matter | the substance of the physical world; anything that occupies space or has substance is matter |
| Pedology | the study of soil |
| Scientific method | an organized way for scientist to gather and pursue scientific knowledge |
| The three main components of the scientific method are ___, ___, and ___. | hypothesizing, observing, experimenting |
| Hypothesis | a simple explanation to a problem |
| Hypothesizing | to speculate, or think seriously, about the objects and events of nature and then formulating a hypothesis |
| Observation | involves gathering data (facts) about nature |
| Experimentation | to methodically test a hypotheses |
| You must test your experiment ___ ___ ___. | more than once |
| What are the six steps of the scientific method? | 1. State the problem 2. Gather information 3. Formulate a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Record and analyze 6. State the conclusions |
| Scientific law | this is formed when a scientific theory has never been proven false |
| Experimental groups | the groups on which a test is performed |
| Control group | The group used as a standard for comparison |
| By comparing the results of the ___ and ___ ___, you gain support for weather or not your hypothesis is accurate. | experimental, control group |
| Constants | conditions that stay the same in both the control group and the experimental group |
| Variables | conditions present only in an experimental group |
| When testing a hypothesis, use ___ variable for each experiment. | one |
| Atoms | the most basic units of matter |
| Atoms linked together in groups are called ___. | molecules |
| Mass | measures the amount of matter in an object |
| Weight | measures the pull of gravity on an object |
| Volume | the amount of space that matter takes up |
| Density | measures how tightly packed matter is |
| Soil is composed of ___ and ____ materials. | organic, mineral |
| Organic material | primarily derived from living organisms |
| Mineral materials | primarily derived from nonliving matter, such as minerals and rocks |
| Decompose | break down |
| Humus | a substance composed of decayed organisms' particles |
| Humus is important for what? | enriching the soil with nutrients; it also stores large amounts of water as a sponge would |
| Recycling | reusing old materials |
| Topsoil | the top two to six inches of soil; easily eroded by rain and is quickly depleted of nutrients by plants |
| Weathering | the processes that break rocks down into soil |
| Subsoil | lighter colored than topsoil because it contains less organic material |
| Bedrock | the layer of rocks under the subsoil |
| The combination of ___ ____ of mineral particles determines the texture of the soil. | different sizes |
| Sand | course and gritty with large, easily seen particles; allows air in the soil |
| Silt | has particles smaller that sands' |
| Clay | has the smallest particles |
| Silty soil | contains a high weight percentage of silt |
| Clayey soil | has a high weight percentage of clay, therefore this soil is the most difficult for water and air to move through, but it does easily allow water and nutrients to be absorbed |
| Loam | contains a range of sand, silt, clay, and humus mixtures |
| The color of soil depends on what? | the amount of organic matter and types of minerals present |
| Munsell charts | provide standard names and descriptions of colors |
| What are the three different ways scientist use to define soil? | acidic, neutral, and basic |
| pH scale | scientists use this to express the degree of acidity or basicity |
| Most plants grow best in soil that is what? | neutral or slightly acidic |
| Nutrients | nourishing substances |
| The three most important mineral nutrients for plants are ___, ___, and ___. | nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium |
| Elements | substances composed of only one type of atom |
| Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are called what? | the primary plant food elements |
| Phosphates | phosphorus is generally in the form of this in fertilizers |
| Potash | the form potassium is usually in in fertilizers |
| Nitrogen | affects the growth of plants; stimulates rapid growth of leaves |
| Nitrogen cycle | when nitrogen is moved from the air to the soil to be used by plants and then back to the air |
| Compounds | substances containing two or more elements bonded together |
| Nitrates | carried to the soil by rain |
| Ammonia | a basic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen |
| Nitrogen-fixing bacteria | converts elemental nitrogen into nitrogen compounds |
| Nodules | bumps on roots |
| Nitrifying bacteria | converts ammonia to nitrates |
| Denitrifying bacteria | returns nitrogen to the atmosphere by converting nitrogen from nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen |
| Pedologist | scientists who study soil |
| Anaerobic | to thrive without oxygen |
| Phosphorus | essential for cell division and growth and promotes plant maturation |
| Potassium | primary function is to contribute to the general health of the plant and improve disease resistance; it encourages root growth and fruit formation |
| If no ___ is available to the roots, the plant will suffocate. | air |
| Pore spaces | hold oxygen from the air in the soil |
| Impermeable | nonporous |
| Saturated | when the pore spaces are completely filled with water |
| Ground water | any collected water below the soil's surface |
| Water table | the upper surface of ground water |
| The depth of the water table depends on what two factors? | the size and number of pores in the rocks and soil, and the amount of recent rainfall |
| Aquifer | porous rock or a gravel-soil mixture that can hold water |
| Artesian well | a "self pumping" well |
| The ___ a straw is, the higher the level of water inside of it will be. | thinner |
| Capillarity (or capillarity action) | the upward movement of water through a tiny space in response to surface tension |
Created by:
nelsonclan
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