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micro notes
characteristics of life and biochemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the science or study of microscopic life forms | microbiology |
| 6 characteristics of life | reproduce, carry out metablic processes, grow by assimilation, respond to stimuli, ability to mutate and maintain organization |
| division of one cell into 2 new daughter cells is called | fission |
| reorganization of genetic materials and results in a genetically unique individual is called | sexual reproduction |
| fission is a form of ___ as id does not involve a reorganization of genetic material | asexual |
| the process organisms use to take in materials from their environment break them down and reorganize them into new cellular components | assimilation |
| all the chemical reactions that take place within living organisms | metabolism |
| breakdown reactions vs building reactions | catabolism vs anabolism |
| a characteristic of living organisms is ___ to environmental stimuli or changes in their environments (internal and external) | response |
| rapid responses that typically involve movement is referred to as | irritability or behavior |
| a slow response to change in environment | adaptation |
| changes in DNA and RNA is called | mutation |
| changes in populations over time | evolution |
| living substance that all cells are made of | protoplasm |
| the chemical and physical basis for life is | protoplasm |
| elements that make up about 99% of all living organisms by weight are | C H O P K I N S Ca Fe Mg Na Cl |
| 5 elements that make up about 96% of the weight of living organisms | C H O N P |
| ___ are combinations of atoms joined together by chemical bonds | Molecules |
| Inorganic compound essential to life as we know it | water |
| having an unequal distribution of charge | polar molecules |
| water is made up of ___ molecules | polar |
| reactions that involve the splitting of organic compounds by adding water is called | hydrolysis reactions |
| reactions that involve the formation of larger molecules by removing water | dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions |
| hydro= and lysis= | water and to split |
| what molecule is essential to transport and helps to maintain cell size and shape | H2O |
| what molecule resists temperature change and with ions it can conduct electricity | water |
| water as a solid is ___ dense that it is as a liquid | less dense |
| what are charged particles of matter | ions |
| __ will dissociate in water to form ions | electrolytes |
| positively charged particle | cation |
| negatively charged particle | anion |
| organic compounds are those containing ___ with the exception of what 3 | carbon exception of CO, CO2 and HCO3- |
| organic molecule that is very large being composed of repeating smaller units | polymers |
| organic compound made up of CHO and sometimes N | carbohydrates (sugars and starches) |
| simple sugar molecules | monosaccharides |
| __ may contain 3,4,5,6, or 7 carbon atoms | monosaccharides |
| molecular formula C6H1206 and include glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose | Hexose monosaccharides |
| molecular formula C5H10O5 arabinose, rhamnose, ribose, and deoxyribose | pentose monosaccharides |
| sugar units bond to hydroxyl groups they form ___ and the bond between the 2 is called ____ | glycosides and glycosidic linkage |
| when 2 monosaccharides bind toegther via a glycosidic linkage they form ___ by using what type of reaction | disaccharide and dehydration synthesis reaction |
| lactose maltose, and sucrose are the 3 most common_____ | disaccharides |
| glucose + fructose is | sucrose (table sugar) |
| 2 glucose molecules are | maltose |
| glucose + galactose | lactose (milk sugar) |
| glucose + galactose + fructose | Raffinose (a trisaccharide) |
| what molecules are sweet to the taste and soluble in water | sugar molecules |
| are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds | polysaccharides |
| chains of four to six sugar units may be referred to as | oligosaccharides |
| most common ___ are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and agar | polysaccharides |
| the storage product of plants | starch (a polysaccharide) |
| the chief storage product in animals | glycogen |
| the primary structural component of wood | cellulose |
| ___ are not sweet or soluble | polysaccharides |
| the most common biochemicals found are | carbohydrates |
| carbohydrates can bind with proteins involved as recrptor sites on cell surfaces to form | glycoproteins |
| enzymes, antibodies, flagellins are all | proteins |
| contain the elements CHON and sometimes S | proteins |
| small repeating units are called | amino acids |
| __ all possess a carboxyle group at an end and amino group at another end | amino acids |
| -NH2 | amino group |
| COOH | carboxyl group |
| amino acids are bounded by ___ bonds called ____ | covalent bonds and peptide bonds |
| long string of peptide bonds | polypeptide |
| formation of peptide bonds involves ___ synthesis | dehydration |
| most important factors makeing one protein different from the next is the number of ______ ______ present and their arrangement | amino acids |
| sequence of amino acids arranged is the ___ structure of proteins | primary |
| development of a helix or pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids | secondary structure |
| folding of a protein into a globular form | tertiary structure |
| when a protein contains more than one polypeptide chain | quaternary structure |
| proteins function as a source of ___ and _____ | carbon and energy |
| ___ are like phospholipids in that they are amphipathic or amphiphilic | proteins |
| fats, oils, waxes, phopholipids and steroids are | lipids |
| __ always contain CHO and often P and N | lipids |
| ___ are soluble in organic solvents rather than water (are hydrophobic) | lipids |
| complexes composed of 3 fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule of flycerol | triglyceride |
| saturated or unsaturated depends on the number of ___ atoms | H |
| contain maximum number of H atoms | saturated fatty acids |
| 2 or more double bonds formed between C persent within a fatty acid is it | polyunsaturated |
| reduction in H due to double or triple bonds between C atoms in a lipid makes it | unsaturated |
| fats and oils are mixtures of various types of ___ | triglycerides |
| carnuba and lanolin are examples of types of | waxes (lipids) |
| __ have a structure similar to triglycerides but the alcohol is larger | waxes |
| __ are similar to triglycerides but one fatty acid chain is replaced by a polar phosphate group | phospholipids |
Created by:
JohnPink
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