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Ch. 4

Membrane Structure and Functions

QuestionAnswer
Active Transport Use of a plasma membrane carrier protein and energy to move a substance into or out of a cell from lower to higher concentration.
Carrier Protein Protein molecule that combines with a substance and transports it through the plasma membrane.
Cell Recognition Protein Glycoprotein that helps the body defend itself against pathogens.
Channel Protein Forms a channel to allow a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane.
Concentration Gradient Gradual change in chemical concentration from one point to another.
Differentially Permeable Ability of plasma membranes to regulate the passage of substances into and out of the cell, allowing some to pass through and preventing the passage of others.
Diffusion Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and stops when the distribution is equal.
Endocytosis Process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking; includes receptor-mediated endocytosis).
Enzymatic Protein Protein that catalyzes a specific reaction.
Exocytosis Process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle’s contents are released outside the cell.
Facilitated Transport Use of a plasma membrane carrier to move a substance into or out of a cell from higher to lower concentration; no energy required.
Fluid-Mosaic Model Model for the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.
Glycolipid Lipid in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain attached to a hydrophobic tail.
Glycoprotein Protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain.
Hypertonic Solution Higher solute concentration (less water) than the cell; causes cell to lose water by osmosis.
Hypotonic Solution Lower solute (more water) concentration than the cytosol of a cell; causes cell to gain water by osmosis.
Isotonic Solution Solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis.
Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure Measure of the tendency of water to move across a differentially permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration.
Phagocytosis Process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole.
Pinocytosis Process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell.
Plasmolysis Contraction of the cell contents due to the loss of water.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Selective uptake of molecules into a cell by vacuole formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.
Receptor Protein Protein located in the plasma membrane or within the cell that binds to a substance that alters some metabolic aspect of the cell.
Sodium-Potassium Pump Carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of and potassium into cells; important in nerve and muscle cells.
Solute Substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution.
Solvent Fluid, such as water, that dissolves solutes.
Turgor Pressure In plant cells, pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall when the central vacuole is full.
Created by: Dugo
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