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Ch. 3
Cell Structure and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Capsule | Gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria. |
| Cell | Structural and functional unit of an organism; the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life. |
| Cell Theory | One of the major theories of biology, which states that all organisms are made up of cells; cells are capable of self-reproduction; and cells come only from pre-existing cells. |
| Cell Wall | Structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell’s shape and rigidity. |
| Centriole | Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division. |
| Centrosome | Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles. |
| Chloroplast | Membranous organelle that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis. |
| Chromatin | Network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing. |
| Chromosome | Rodlike structure in the nucleus seen during cell division; contains the hereditary units, or genes. |
| Cilium (pl., cilia) | Motile, short, hairlike extensions on the exposed surfaces of cells. |
| Cristae | Short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondria. |
| Cytoplasm | Contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles. |
| Cytoskeleton | Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells, sometimes having attached ribosomes. Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not. |
| Endosymbiont Hypothesis | Possible explanation of the evolution of eukaryotic organelles by phagocytosis of prokaryotes. |
| Eukaryotic Cell | One of the two major types of cells; contain a nucleus. |
| Flagellum (pl., flagella) | Slender, long extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm. |
| Glycoprotein | Protein in plasma membranes that bears a carbohydrate chain. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Organelle, consisting of flattened saccules and also vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell. |
| Granum (pl., grana) | Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast. |
| Lysosome | Membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules. |
| Matrix | Unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between cells in connective tissues or inside organelles. |
| Microtubule | Small cylindrical structure that contains 13 rows of the protein tubulin about an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella. |
| Mitochondrion | Membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration. |
| Motor Molecule | Protein that derives energy from ATP to propel itself along a protein filament or microtubule. |
| Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Nuclear Pore | Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus. |
| Nucleoid | Region of a bacterium where the bacterial chromosome is found; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope. |
| Nucleolus | Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits. |
| Nucleoplasm | Semifluid medium of the nucleus, containing chromatin. |
| Nucleus | Membrane-bounded organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell. |
| Organelle | Small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm, having a specific structure and function. |
| Peroxisome | Enzyme-filled vesicle in which fatty acids and amino acids are metabolized to hydrogen peroxide that is broken down to harmless products. |
| Plasma Membrane | Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell. |
| Plasmid | Self-duplicating ring of accessory DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria. |
| Polyribosome | String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis. |
| Prokaryotic cell | Lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea. |
| Ribosome | RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. |
| Secretion | Releasing of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be gland or part of a gland. |
| Slime Layer | Gelatinous sheath surrounding the cell wall of certain bacteria. |
| Stroma | Fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis. |
| Thylakoid | Flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. |
| Vacuole | Membrane-bounded sac that holds fluid and a variety of other substances. |
| Vesicle | Small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell. |
Created by:
Dugo
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