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Ch. 2
The Molecules of Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acid | Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and to lower its pH numerically. |
| Adenine (A) | One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA. |
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP. |
| Amino Acid | Monomer of a protein; takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group (—NH2) and an acid group (—COOH). |
| Atom | Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element. |
| Atomic Mass | Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus. |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom. |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells. |
| Base | Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the pH numerically. |
| Buffer | Substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity. |
| Calorie | Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water 1°C. |
| Carbohydrate | Class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of CH2O groups; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules; the chief constituent of a plant’s cell wall. |
| Compound | Substance having two or more different elements united chemically in fixed ratio. |
| Covalent Bond | Chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons. |
| Cytosine (C) | One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with guanine. |
| Dehydration Reaction | Chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule. |
| Denaturation | Loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH or temperature. |
| Disaccharide | Sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide; e.g., maltose. |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells. |
| Double Helix | Double spiral; describes the three-dimensional shape of DNA. |
| Electron | Subatomic particle that has almost no weight and carries a negative charge; orbits in a shell about the nucleus of an atom. |
| Element | Substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type atom. |
| Emulsification | Breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts or any other emulsifier. |
| Enzyme | Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a reaction in cells due to its particular shape. |
| Fat | Organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue. |
| Fatty Acid | Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group. |
| Functional Group | Specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters into reactions and behaves in a predictable way. |
| Glucose | Six-carbon sugar that organisms degrade as a source of energy during cellular respiration. |
| Glycogen | Storage polysaccharide, found in animals, that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches. |
| Guanine (G) | One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine. |
| Hexose | Six-carbon sugar. |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule. |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | Splitting of a compound by the addition of water, with the H+ being incorporated in one fragment and the OH- in the other. |
| Hydrophilic | Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules |
| Hydrophobic | Type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar. |
| Inorganic Molecule | Type of molecule that is not an organic molecule; not derived from a living organism. |
| Ion | Particle that carries a negative or positive charge. |
| Ionic Bond | Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges. |
| Isotope | Atom having the same atomic number but a different atomic mass due to the number of neutrons. |
| Lipid | Organic compound that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oils, and steroids. |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| Molecule | Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also, the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound. |
| Monomer | Small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer; e.g., glucose is a monomer of starch. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. |
| Neutron | Subatomic particle that has a weight of one atomic mass unit, carries no charge, and is found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group. |
| Oil | Triglyceride, usually of plant origin, composed of glycerol and three fatty acids that is liquid in consistency because there are many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids. |
| Organic Molecule | Molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen and often oxygen; organic molecules are associated with living things. |
| Pentose | ive-carbon sugar; deoxyribose is the pentose sugar found in DNA; ribose is a pentose sugar found in RNA. |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent bond that joins two amino acids. |
| Phospholipid | Molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell’s membranes; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails. |
| Polymer | Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers; for example, a polypeptide is a polymer of monomers called amino acids. |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| Polysaccharide | Polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers. |
| Protein | Organic macromolecule that is composed of either one or several polypeptides. |
| Proton | Positive subatomic particle, located in the nucleus and having a weight of approximately one atomic mass unit. |
| Radioactive Isotope | Unstable form of an atom that spontaneously emits radiation in the form of radioactive particles or radiant energy. |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | Molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chain bears the maximum number of hydrogens. |
| Starch | Storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains. |
| Steroid | Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone. |
| Thymine (T) | One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA; pairs with adenine. |
| Triglyceride | Neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain. |
| Uracil (U) | One of four nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides composing the structure of RNA; pairs with adenine. |
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Dugo
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