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Bio Final

Information for biology final

QuestionAnswer
substances that cannont be broken down chemically into simpler substances element
smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element. atoms
made of atoms that have joines together chemailly molecules
the chemical union between atoms of different elements compound
positive charge. found in nucleus. proton
negative charge. found in electron shells(clouds) around the nucleus. electrons
no charge. found in the nucleus. neutron
what is an ion? an atom or moelcule that has acquired a positive or negative charge as a result of gaining or losing electrons
list adn describe the types of chemical bonds. ionic bonds- the attraction between oppositely charge ionscovalent bonds- sharing of electrons.
what is the pH scale? the level of hydronium.
where is the energy in glucose containes? in the bonds
what determins the proplerties of a fatty acid? the number of double bonds
what is the state of matter for unsaturated fats at room temperature? liquid
what is the state of matter for saturated fats at room temperature? solid
what makes up proteins? amino acids
how do the bases in DNA pair? cytosine and guanineadenine and thymine
what is isotonic? concentration is equal inside and outside
what is hypotonic? concentration higher inside
what is hypertonic? concentration higher outside
what is passive transport? no energy is used. example. diffusion and osmosis
what is active transport? used energy
what are the properties of water that make it essential for living things? cohesion and adhesion. caused by the hydrogen bonds
what is chlorophyll? found in the plant cells in the chloroplasts and it absorbs sunlihgt
where do light reactions occur? in the thylakoid membranes
where does the calvin cycle occur? in the stroma (the liquidy part of the thylakoid)
what limits the size of cells? surface area
what are the steps in DNA replication? DNA double helix unzips, the bases pair up, new sugar phosphate backbone forms
list the 3 types of RNA and their function. messenger RNA. brings information to make a proteintransfer RNA- brings amino acidsribosomal RNA- part of ribosomes
repeating subunits that make up DNA nucleotides
What makes up nucleotides? sugar, phospate, and a base
What did Watson and Crick name shape of DNA? doubel helix
what type of bond attached teh two DNA strands? hydrogen bonds
what is the process of nucleur division called? mitosis
the most important result of any type of photosynthesis is... the conversion of light energy to chemical energy
light absorbing pigments taht function in photosynthesis... are embedded in membranes
the compunds ATP and NADPH... are not partically stable
photosynthesis produces enormous amounts of... oxygen
what is the word equation that summarizes the overall reactions in photosynthesis? carbon dioxide + water YIELDS oxygen + sugar
chlorophyll and other pidments invovlved in photosynthesis... absorb light and transfer its energy to teh reaction centers
one carbon dioxide molecule reacts in each "turn" of the Calvin cycle. How many turns of the cycle are required for the synthesis of one glucose molecule? 6
the organelle where respiration takes place is the... mitochondria
the first stage of respiration is... glycolosis
respiration forms ATP through the breakdown of glucose
which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent? glycolosis
the oxygen used during cellular respiration is involved directly in which part of the process? accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
the function of both alcohol fermintation and lactic acid fermintation is to.. oxidize NADH to NAD+
the science of classifying living things is called... taxonomy
the endosybiosis theory describes the evolution of... eukayotes
to recycle nutrients, the minimum an ecosystem must have is... producers and decomposers
the organic material in an ecosystem is called biomass
the percentage of energy transferred from one energy level in a food chain to the next is usually less than 20%
the energy lost between trophic levels... is used in the course of normal living
a molecule that has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side is called a... polar molecule
what is true about a buffer solution? they maintain a relatively constant pH
animals store glucose containing fragments in the form of... glycogen
polysaccharides are... carbohydrates
glycerol and fatty acids are building blocks for... lipids
when two amino acids are bonded chemically... water is released
an inherited trait that increase an organisms chance for survival adaptation
those species who are best adapted to their enviorment will survive and produse offspring natural selection
number of electrons required to fill the valence shell valence number
electrons in the valence shell valence electrons
linked chains or molecules polymers
simple molecules that form polymers monomers
large polymers macromolecules
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio carbohydrates
main sugar needed for both plants and animals gluctose
two sugar molecules joined together disaccharides
complex molecules of three or more sugars polysaccharides
three fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol triglycerides
fatty compunds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen lipids
compunds that are generally derived from living organisms organic compounds
compunds that are generally derived from non-living organisms inorganic compounds
a measure of the force neccessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, is related to cohesion surface tension
more hydronium H+ than hydroxide OH- acids
more hydroxide OH- than hydronium H+ bases
the movement of carbon from the nonliving enviorment into living things and back carbon cycle
carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide during... cellular respiration
uses the sunlight to convert carbon dioxide to sugars photosynthesis
autotrophs that depend on photosynthesis for both energy and carbon compunds photoautotrophs
obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances such as iron, sulfer, or other minerals chemoautotrophs
enzymes lower activation energy allowing glucose to be broken down slowly respiration
the passing of traits by heredity inheritance
transmission of traits from parent to offspring heredity
always produce offspring with teh trait pure strain
father of genetics gregor mendal
a section of DNA that controls a particular trait gene
alternate forms of a gene allele
cell grows, replicates DNA, and then grows more interphase (G1,S,G2)
the nucleur membrane breaks down, chromosomes become visible, and microtubes begin to assemble into a spindle prophase
motor proteins in the kinetochores pull the chromosomes to the metaphase plate between spindle poles metaphase
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles anaphase
a nucleur membranes forms around the new nucleus at each pole telophase
seperates teh two daughter cells cytokinesis
plays a central role in biosynthesis reactions endoplasmic reticulum
most reactions of cellular respiration, small amounts of DNA & RNA (POWER PLANT) mitochondrion
all reaction of photosynthesis chloroplast
composed of RNA and proteins catalyze the synthesis of a cell's protein ribosomes
sorts and packages macromolecules in vesicles for secretion or delivery to toher organelles golgi apparatus
storage in plants vacoule
controls passage into and out of cell cell membrane
control center of cell and contains DNA nucleus
entire contents of the cell, jelly-like cytoplasm
contain enzymes that break down old macromolecules (digestive) lysosomes
rigid structure surrounding plant cells cell wall
provides shape, internal organization, and movement cytoskeleton
Created by: nosterlind
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