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Block II
Fluid & Electrolytes
| The primary component of the body is | water |
| Larger amount of body fat means | Lower amount of water content |
| Older adults have | less muscle mass and more fat content which means less body water |
| Fluid compartments in the body include | intracellular (inside the cells) and extracellular (outside the cells) |
| ICF | Intracellular fluid 2/3 (40%) of body weight - adult |
| ECF | Extracellular fluid |
| ECF consists of the following | interstitial fluid (fluid in the spaces between cells), plasma (liquid part of blood), transcellular fluid (fluid contained within specialized cavities of the body) |
| Amount of fluid secreted into and reabsorbed from the GI tract everyday | 3 to 6 liters |
| Loss of fluids from vomiting and diarrhea concerns | serious fluid and electrolyte imbalances |
| One liter of water weighs | 2.2 lbs (1kg) |
| 240 ml equals | 8 ounces |
| Intake of 8 ounces equals | 0.5 lbs (0.23 kg) |
| A loss of 4.4 lbs (2 kg) equals | 2 liters |
| Electrolytes are | molecules that dissociate or split into ions when placed in water |
| Cations | positively charged ions |
| Anions | negatively charged ions |
| Bicarbonate | HCO3 (negative) |
| Chloride | Cl (negative) |
| Phosphate | PO 4 3 (negative) |
| Sodium | Na (positive) |
| Potassium | K (positive) |
| Calcium | Ca (positive) |
| Magnesium | Mg (positive) |
| Electrolytes are measured in | mEq |
| Composition bewteen ECF and ICF is | approximately the same between the two compartments |
| The main cation in ECF is | sodium with small amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium |
| The primary anion in ECF is | chloride with small amounts of bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate |
| The most prevalent cation in ICF is | potassium with small amounts of magnesium and sodium |
| The most prevalent anion in ICF is | phosphate with small amounts of some protein and bicarbonate |
| Normal Bicarbonate (HCO3 negative) - anion | 22 -26 |
| Chloride (Cl negative) - anion | 96-106 |
| Phosphate (PO 4 3 negative) - anion | 2.4 -4.4 |
| Potassium (K) - positive cation | 3.5 - 5.0 |
| Magnesium (Mg2) - positive cation | 1.5 - 2.5 |
| Sodium (Na) - positive anion | 135 - 145 |
| Calcium (Ca2) - positive anion (total) | 8.6 - 10.2 |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. |
| Diffusion | The two areas must be permeable |
| Diffusion | Requires no external energy |
| Facilitated diffusion | Involves the use of a protein carrier in the cell membrane - the protein carrier combines with a molecule. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Passive and requires no energy |
| Glucose transport | An example of facilitated diffusion |
| Active transport | A process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient |
| Active transport | External energy is required |
| An example of active transport is | The sodium - potassium pump |
| Active transport - sodium moves out of the cell | Potassium moves into the cell |
| Active transport's energy source is | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is produced in the cell's mitochondria |
| Osmosis | The movement of 'water' down a concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration) across a semi-permeable membrane. |
| Osmosis | Requires no outside energy sources and stops when concentration differences equalize or hydrostatic pressure builds and prevents any further movement of water |
| The greater the pressure (the higher the concentration) | The greater the solutions pulling - osmotic pressure |
| Causes of increased venous pressure | Fluid overload, heart or liver failure, obstruction of venous return (blood flow back to the heart), venous insufficiency. |
| Increased oncotic pressure results from |
Created by:
Block 1 Theory
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