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Life Science Final
Ms. Hayes Life Science Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| List the six characteristics of living things | 1. cellular organization 2. contain similar chemical 3. use energy 4. respond to their surroundings 5. grow and develop 6. reproduce |
| List 4 chemicals found in all cells | 1.Proteins 2. carbohydrates 3. Nucleic Acids (DNA) 4. lipids (Fat) |
| Cells | basic unit of structure and function in an organism |
| Unicellular | single-celled organism |
| Multicellular | organisms composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks |
| stimulus | a change in an organism's surrounding that causes the organism to react |
| response | an action or change in behavior |
| development | the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to create a more complex organism |
| asexual | reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent |
| Sexual | the type of reproduction that involves two organisms creating a genetically different offspring |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that make their own food |
| Heterotrophs | Organism that cannot make its own food |
| classification | the process of grouping things based on their similarities |
| Species | grouping of similar, closely related organisms |
| 3 main things in the Nucleus | nuclear membrane DNA nucleolus |
| Ribosomes | help the cell by making proteins |
| Lysosomes | organelles that break down unused material and reuse it to get rid of waste |
| Spontaneous Generation | the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources |
| Homeostasis | when you have a stable internal environment (ex: human temperature 98.6 degrees) |
| Why do scientists classify organisms? | 1. To make it easier to study 2. once an organism is classified you know more about it |
| 8 levels of Organization (in order) | 1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species |
| Binomial Nomenclature | system used to name organisms |
| How to write binomial nomenclature | -Always in italics -Capitalize the first letter of Genus -Keep all letters of special in lower case |
| What determines how organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms? | Based on their CELL TYPE |
| Prokaryote | simple cell without nucleus |
| Eukaryote | complex cell with nucleus |
| Nucleus | the control center of the cell that holds the DNA |
| Nuclear envelope | membrane that surrounds the nucleus and controls what comes in and out of the nucleus |
| DNA | hold the directions to tell the cell what to do |
| Nucleolus | Produces ribosomes |
| Cell Membrane | -barrier surrounding plant and animal cells -controls what comes in and out of cells -Food and water comes in... waste comes out |
| Cell Wall | rigid barrier around plant cells only that helps protect and support the cell |
| Cytoplasm | clear thick fluid that surrounds all organelles |
| Vacuole | stores material; one large vacuole in plant cells |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Carries materials from one part of the cell to the Golgi Apparatus |
| Golgi Apparatus | Receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum and sorts and packages them to be delivered to other parts of the cell or other cells in organism |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell that converts energy from food |
| chloroplast | Only found in plant cells; captures energy from sun (sunlight) and turns it into sugar (energy) |
| Elements | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| Compounds | two or more elements that are chemically combined |
| Inorganic | Compounds that do not contain carbon Examples: water and sodium chloride (table salt) |
| Organic | Compounds that contain carbon |
| Enzymes | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living things |
| 6 elements that make up all living things | S- Sulfur H- Hydrogen O- Oxygen P-Phosphorus N-Nitrogen C-Carbon |
| 4 chemicals that make up living things | Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids |
| Carbohydrates | Sugar and starches Main energy source Makes the cell wall in plants |
| Lipids | Fats, oils, and waxes Energy is stored in lipids Makes up the cell membrane **water resistant |
| Proteins | Made up of amino acids Form the organelles inside the body Enzymes are made up of proteins |
| Nucleic Acid | DNA RNA contains instructions that tell our cells what to do |
| Eukaryotes | in the nucleus |
| Prokaryotes | in the cytoplasm |
| Selectively Permeable | some substances are allowed to pass through but not others |
| Active Transport | way substances pass through the membrane ***requires energy |
| Passive Transport | way substances pass through the membrane ***Does NOT require energy |
| Diffusion | the process in which molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water |
| Solvent | substance doing the dissolving |
| Solute | Substance being disolved |
| Hypotonic | Hypo= low less solutes outside the cell water enters the cell |
| Hypertonic | Hyper= move more solutes outside the cell Water leaves the cell |
| Isotonic | Iso=Equal Equal amount of solute inside and outside Water does not enter of leave the cell |
| Why would a cell need to use active transport | If molecules are flowing from an area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration or If molecule is too large to flow in |
| Protein Pumps | are responsible for picking up needed molecules outside the cell and bringing them inside by using energy |
| Endocytosis | Enter when food molecules enter the cell |
| Exocytosis | Exit When waste exits the cell |
| Photosynthesis | process in which a cell captures energy from sunlight and converts it to make sugar |
| Chlorophyll | pigment (green in color) inside of choloroplast that absorbs sunlight (its energy) |
| Cellular Respiration | process in which cells get energy from food |
| Chloroplast | a structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food |
| Fermentation | the process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen |
| Aerobic | requires oxygen Examples: animals, plantsk, algae |
| Anaerobic | does NOT require oxygen Example: deep sea bacteria |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Used by yeast and bacteria Yeast breaks down sugar (without the use of oxygen) and creates alcohol and carbon dioxide |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Used by humans Cells make energy when they are not receiving enough oxygen |
| Photosynthesis Equation? | Water + Carbon Dioxide-----sunlight----- Oxygen + Sugar |
| Photosynthesis equation in words | Turning water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight |
| Photo | Light |
| Synthesis | Putting together |
| Cell Cycle | the regular pattern of growth and division |
| Interphase | happens before the cell actually divides it prepares the cell for division |
| Mitosis | when the nucleus divides |
| 4 phases of Mitosis | P- Prophase M- Metaphase A- Anaphase T- Telophase |
| Cytokinesis | the cytoplasm divides the cell cycle is complete |
| Virus | tiny nonliving particle that invades and then multiplies inside a living cell |
| Characteristics of viruses | * can only multiply inside a living cell *Host- cell that a virus infects |
| What does a virus look like? | Smaller than cells Shape- circle, rod, robot (spider shaped) 2 parts- Protein coat and DNA |
| Bacteriophage | viruses that infect only bacteria Ex: Ecoli |
| Active virus | activates its DNA immediately and quickly takes over the cell |
| Hidden virus | hides when it first enters the cell part of the virus's DNA becomes part of the cells DNA |
| How are viruses spread? | 1. contact (rabies, chicken pox, ebola) 2. air (flu, virus) 3. bodily fluids (AIDS) |
| Bacteria | single-celled prokaryotes shape- circular, rod-like, spiral surrounded by a cell wall |
| flagellum | long whip like projections that can help the cell move |
| Autotrophs | absorb suns energy to make food |
| Hetertrophs | consume food |
| Fungus | a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food |
Created by:
jessicabogusch
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