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LD ES - Ch 3
LD Earth Science - Chapter 3 - The Dynamic Crust
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Asthenosphere | Part of the Earth's interior below the lithosphere that becomes plastic in response to stress |
| Basaltic | Igneous rock composed mostly of dark colored, dense minerals containing compounds of iron and magnesium. |
| Compression Waves | P-Waves |
| Conduction | The way heat energy is transferred through matter by the direct contact of molecules |
| Continental Crust | Rocks within the continents, usually a thin layer of sedimentary rocks over granitic rocks, that are less dense than oceanic crust |
| Continental Drift | Idea that the continents move over Earth's surface like rafts on water |
| Convection | Circulation of heated fluid (a liquid or a gas) caused by density currents |
| Convection Cell | Circular path of convection flow |
| Convergent Boundary | Boundary at which crustal plates collide |
| Core | Innermost layer of Earth, thought to be composed mostly of iron and nickel |
| Crust | Thin, outermost layer of the solid Earth |
| Divergent Boundary | Plate boundary at which the plates move apart; an upwelling of material that forms new crust that moves away from the boundary |
| Earthquake | Natural vibrations, sometimes destructive that radiate from a sudden movement along a fault zone within Earth or from sudden movements of magma (molten rock) under a volcano |
| Epicenter | Location along the Earth's surface that is directly above the focus of an earthquake |
| Fault | Break in the rock of the Earth's lithosphere along which there has been displacement (movement) |
| Focus | An earthquake's point of origin within the Earth |
| Granitic | Rocks composed mostly of light-colored, low density mineral, such as quartz and feldspar. |
| Hot Spot | Location at which a stationary hot plume of magma breaks through the crust |
| Inner Core | Central portion of the Earth's core thought to be composed mostly of solid iron and nickel |
| Intensity | Strength |
| Island Arc | Islands formed by rising magma plumes at a convergent boundary |
| Magnitude | Total energy released by an earthquake, measured by the Richter scale |
| Mantle | Portion of the Earth below the crust and above the core |
| Mid-Ocean Ridge | System of submerged mountain ranges that encircles the Earth and often connects with mountain ranges on the continents, new crust forms here |
| Moho | Interface between Earth's crust and mantle |
| Oceanic Crust | Relatively thin, dense layer of basaltic rock that lies under the ocean sediments and on top of the mantle layer |
| Ocean Trench | Place where tectonic plates slide down into Earth's interior and are destroyed |
| Origin Time | Time an earthquake occurs at its epicenter |
| Outer Core | Outside portion of Earth's core thought to consist of mostly liquid iron and nickel |
| Pangaea | Ancient supercontinent that broke apart millions of years ago to form the present continents |
| Plate Boundary | Line along which crustal plates meet and interact |
| Plate Tectonics | Unified theory of crustal motion that incorporates continental drift and sea floor spreading; the theory that Earth's surface is composed of about a dozen large rigid plates that carry the continents |
| P-Waves | Compression (longitudinal)wave that is the fastest of the seismic waves that radiate from an earthquake, P-waves can travel through solids and liquids, also known as primary waves. |
| Radiation | Emission and transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves, and the only way that energy can travel through empty space; rays or particles given off by an unstable radioactive substance |
| Reversed Polarity | Magnetic polarity of an igneous rock that was formed at a time in the geologic past when Earth was formed at a geologic past when Earth's north and south magnetic poles had the opposite polarity that they have at the present. |
| Rift Zone | Linear feature of Earth where new crust is being created |
| Ring of Fire | Zone of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building that surrounds the Pacific Ocean |
| Sea-Floor Spreading | Theory that the oceanic crust has been constructed by material from deep within Earth that rises and spreads apart at the mid-ocean ridges |
| Seismic Wave | Vibrational energy that radiates through Earth from an earthquake |
| Seismograph | Instrument designed to measure and record the magnitude of an earthquake |
| Seismologist | Scientist who studies earthquakes |
| Seismometer | Instrument that detects vibrations of the ground |
| Subduction Zone | Region in which the Earth's crust is destroyed as it is pulled down into the mantle |
| Subsidence | Gradual sinking of a portion of Earth's crust. |
| S-Waves | Transverse earthquake waves that arrive after the P-waves and that cannot travel through a liquid such as Earth's outer core; secondary or shear waves |
| Tectonics | Study of large scale deformations of Earth's crust |
| Transform Boundary | Plate boundary at which crustal plates slide past each other |
| Trench | Ocean floor depression that marks the zone where crust is subducted |
| Tsunami | Ocean wave or a series of waves usually associated with and undersea earthquake or landslide. |
Created by:
desilva13
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