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AP Comp Gov Unit I
The comparative method and the types of nations we will cover
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Empirical Data | Information that is verifiable and non-subjective. |
| Normative Statement | A subjective value judgement |
| Hypothesis | A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
| Independent Variable | A variable that influences the dependent variable |
| Dependent Variable | A variable that is manipulated by the independent variable |
| Correlation | When a change in one variable coincides with change in another variable |
| Causation | The idea that a change in one variable causes or influences change in another |
| Three Worlds Approach | A model of the world frequently used until the early 1990’s, largely based on Cold War politics |
| Civil Society | The way that citizens organize and define themselves and their interests |
| Informal Politics | Takes into consideration not only the ways politicians operate outside their formal powers, but also the impact that beliefs, values, and actions of ordinary citizens have on policy making |
| Civil Liberties | Individual freedoms such as freedom of speech, belief, and assembly |
| Rule of Law | Governing system operating transparently on a known set of rules (laws) |
| Neutrality of Judiciary | A legal system that does not actively participate in politics and under which everyone gets the same treatment |
| Open Civil Society | Allows citizens to lead private lives and mass media to operate independently from government. |
| Modernism | A set of values that comes along with industrialization; secularism, rationalism, materialism, technology, bureaucracy and an emphasis on freedom over collective equality |
| Post-modernism | A set of values that emphasizes quality of life over material gain |
| Post-Industrialism | When the majority of the population is employed in the service sector |
| Primary Economic Sector | Agriculture, very small since mechanized farming means that only a few farmers can produce enough food to feed all the workers in the industry and service sectors |
| Secondary Economic Sector | Industrial, factories employ people to create tangible goods |
| Tertiary Economic Sector | Service, industries such as technology, health care, business, legal services, finance, and education |
| Communist Manifesto | Book written by Karl Marx that discusses his interpretation of history and his vision for the future (1848) |
| Proletariat | Workers |
| Bourgeoisie | The owners of factories and other means of production |
| Vanguard of the Revolution | A group of revolutionary leaders who could provoke the revolution in non-capitalist Russia. |
| Democratic Centralism | The communist "vanguard" would act of behalf of the people until they were ready for democracy |
| Co-optation | Allocation of power through various political, social, and economic institutions |
| Nomenklatura | The process of filling influential jobs in the state, society, or the economy with people approved and chosen by the Communist party |
| Social Mobility | The opportunity or individuals to change their social status over the course of their lifetimes. |
| Maoism | Shares Marx’s views of equality and cooperation, but Mao believed very strongly in preserving China’s peasant-based society |
| Market Based Socialism | Socialism that adopts many of the essential features of capitalism |
| Centralism | The ownership of private property and the market mechanism were replaced with the allocation of resources by the state bureaucracy |
| BRIC | The fast-growing economies of Britain, Russia, India, and China |
| The Two Types of LDC | Newly industrializing countries and less developed countries |
| Compressed Modernity | Rapid economic and political change that transforms a country into a stable nation with democratizing political institutions, a growing economy, and an expanding web of nongovernmental institutions |
| Economic Liberalization | Economic development based on free market capitalism taking place through privatization and marketization |
| Gross National Product (GNP) | The total market value of all goods and services produced in the country. |
| Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) | A statistical tool that estimates the buying power of income across different countries by using prices in the United States as a benchmark |
| Per Capita GNP | Divides the total market value of all goods and services produced by the population of the country |
| Post Industrial Societies | Countries where most people are no longer employed in industry |
| Westernization (modernization) | A model that states the biggest obstacle for LDC’s is tradition because holding on to old values and beliefs can hinder progress |
| Dependency Theory | Holds that economic development of many countries in the world is blocked by the fact that industrialized nations exploit them |
| Import Substitution | Based on the belief that governments in poorer countries must create more positive conditions for the development of local industries |
| Export Oriented Industrialization | A strategy that seeks to directly integrate the country’s economy into the global economy by concentrating on economic production that can find a place in international markets |
| Asian Tigers | Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore- whose economies boomed starting in the 1960’s |
| Democratization | The process of developing a political system in which power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people |
| Political Liberalization | What a state goes through if it progresses from a procedural democracy to a substantive democracy through democratic consolidation, which eventually leads other states to recognize them as liberal democracies |
| Hybrid Regimes | Have some characteristics of a democracy, but in many ways are still authoritarian regimes |
| Failed State | A situation in which the very structures of the state may become so weak that it collapses, resulting in anarchy and violence that erupts as order breaks down |
Created by:
M.Brock
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