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Gen Bio Final Review
review for final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mitosis | type of cell division that creates an identical copy of the parent cell |
| meiosis | type of cell division that creates 4 unique sex cells (that have half the amount of DNA as the parent cell) |
| chromosome | units of DNA and protein that determine a person's genetics |
| asexual reproduction | involves 1 organism creating an identical copy of themself |
| sexual reproduction | involves 2 organisms that create a unique offspring |
| fertilization | when sperm meets egg |
| zygote | the cell that forms after sperm meets egg |
| mutation | and error within the letters of DNA or RNA |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, a material present in nearly all living organisms |
| RNA | ribonucelic acid, a material present in nearly all living organisms that has the blueprints for making proteins |
| heredity | how genes are inherited (passed from parent to offspring) |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| alleles | a version of a gene (can be dominant or recessive) |
| dominant allele | the allele that is expressed and never masked |
| recessive allele | the allele that is sometimes hidden. it is only expressed with both alleles in a pair are ressive |
| genotype | the letters that make up an organisms genes (the genetic information) |
| phenotype | the way the genetics are expressed (the way the organism's looks or the traits that it has) |
| homozygous | when both alleles are the same (two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles) |
| heterozygous | when both alleles are different (one dominant allele and one recessive allele) |
| punnet square | a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross between two organisms. |
| species | a group of of the same organisms that live in the same area and can interbreed |
| evolution | genetic change over time |
| natural selection | the mechanism of how evolution happens (survival of the fittest) |
| variation | genetic differences among individuals of a single species |
| adaptation | a trait/behavior that allows an organism to be better suited to its environment |
| embryology | studying embryos to provide evidence of evolution |
| homologous structures | structures within organisms that are similar. They show that those organisms use to share a common ancestor |
| vestigial structures | structures within organisms that no longer serve a purpose (ex: tailbones in humans). They provide evidence of evolution |
| cladogram | a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms |
| radioactive dating | scientists determine the amount of radioactivity within a fossil/rock in order to determine how old it is |
| flagella | a whip like structure that bacteria and other single celled organisms use to move around |
| fission | asexual reproduction in bacteria |
| aerobe | bacteria that need oxygen in order to digest their food |
| anaerobe | bacteria that do NOT use oxygen in order to digest their food (oxygen is harmful to these bacteria) |
| saprophyte | bacteria that feed on dead or decaying matter |
| nitrogen-fixing bacteria | bacteria that live in the roots of certain plant and turn nitrogen into a form that plants use to grow |
| pathogen | any organism that causes disease |
| prokaryote | a cell WITHOUT a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles |
| eukaryote | a cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| endospore | an outer covering that protects bacteria from harmful conditions. Some bacteria stay within endospores for 100s of years. |
| protist | single celled eukaryotic organisms that tend to live in wet/moist environments |
| algae | a plant-like protist |
| protozoan | an animal-like protist |
| cilia | hair-like structures that help bacteria and other one-celled organisms move around |
| pseudopod | extensions of cytoplasm that ameoba use to move around - otherwise called "false feet" |
| hyphae | chains of cells that make up the bodies of fungi |
| spore | a reproductive cell of fungi and some plants that require water/moisture |
| club fungi | a group of fungi that includes mushrooms. they keep their spores in club like structures called basidium |
| cuticle | a protective layer around plants that prevents them from drying out |
| vascular plant | a plant with roots, stem, and leaves. these plants have xylem and phloem for carrying water and food |
| nonvascular plant | a plant without roots, stems, and leaves such as moss. |
| angiosperm | a plant that keeps its seeds within fruits and flowers |
| gymnosperm | a plant that keeps it seeds within cones |
| heterotroph | a consumer- must eat/consume food |
| autotroph | a producer- makes its own food |
| bilateral symmetry | being able to divide an organism (vertically) into two mirror imaged halves |
| radial symmetry | being able to divide an organism into multiple mirror imaged pieces (like a pizza) |
Created by:
ruth.baker
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