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The Cell
Stack #192261
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glycolysis | Splits glucose into 2 molecules of ATP (anaerobic) |
| Diffusion | Substances move from higher to lower concentration |
| Osmosis | Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Faciliated Diffusion | Substances move through with help of carrier - passive process |
| Active Transport | Requires cell to expend energy in moving ions against concentrated gradient. |
| Endocytosis | Cells engulf material from surrounding medium. |
| Pinocytosis | Small particles are ingested. |
| Phagocytosis | Large particles are engulfed. |
| Exocytosis | Removal of large particles from cell |
| 3 classes of receptor proteins | Ion channel(mediated by neurotransmitters) G-Protein linked receptors:(on-off switch to convert external signals into internal signals. Enzyme linked receptors:Interact with hormones to start activity of ICF enzyme. |
| Membrane Potentials | Potential difference in charge across cell membrane. Inside of cell is negative in relation to outside. Present in virtually all cells. Used to transmit signals along nerve and muscle membranes. Glandular cells signal release of hormones. |
| Diffusion Potential | Membrane potential generated when Na or K is diffused across a membrane: It is negative on the inside when K diffuses from the inside to the outside of the membrane:It is positive when Na diffuses from outside to the inside of the membrane: |
| Resting Membrane Potential | Excitable tissue,such as nerve, is not transmitting impulses. Resting cell is more permeable to K.K concentration is 140 mEq/L inside and 4mEq/L outside.Causes K to diffuse out leaving inside of cell negative. activates sodium-potasium pump. |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | Removes 3 Na from inside returns 2 K to the inside. |
| Most abundant tissue | Connective |
| Filaments in muscles | Actin - Myosin |
| Two types of Nervous cell | Neurons - Glial |
| Two division of nervous system | CNS (brain and spinal cord) & PNS |
| Apoptosis | Removal of injured or worn out cells. |
| Cellular Atrophy | Shrinking cell occurs with a decrease in work demands. |
| Cellular Hypertrophy | Increase in cell size r/t increasing work demands. |
| Hyperplasia | Increase in number of cells. |
| Cell injury can result in: | Uncontrolled free radical production Impaired O2 delivery Uncontrolled ICF calcium release |
| Metaplasia | Occurs in response to chronic irritation - it is a substitution to cells of a type better able to survive. |
| Dysplagia | Deranged cell growth Vary in size, shape, appearance - Pre-cancerous |
| Pathological Calcification | Deposits of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue. |
| Hypoxia | Lack of oxygen |
| Physiology | The study of chemical and physical processes of the living organism. |
| Pathophysiology | The study of disease processes. |
| Body Hierarchy | Organism -System Organs -Tissues Cells |
| Smallest structural unit | Cells |
| Three Fluid Compartments | Plasma Interstitial Intracellular |
| Plasma | Carries oxygen and nutrients to the cell and carries waste away. |
| Interstitial Fluid | Exchange medium for substances moving between cell and plasma fluid |
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is composed of... | Plasma and interstitial fluid. |
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | Provides the liquid environment for chemical reactions in the cell. |
| Homeostasis | Maintenance of fluid constancy and demands by supply of nutrients, removal of waste, and maintaining a fluid environment. |
| Cellular metabolism | Energy production that takes place in the mitochondria. |
| Metabolic Absorption | Taking in of nutrients |
| Secretion | New substances made from nutrients |
| Reproduction | Tissue growth, maintenance and repair |
| Cell Membrane | Outer boundary of cell - Selectively permeable. Made of lipids (mostly) has cellular receptors (protein molecules) that bind with ligands |
| Ligands | hormones, antigens, neuro-transmitters that bind with cellular receptors |
| Organelles | Structures within the cytoplasm of the cell |
| Name 6 different types of organelles | Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Nucleus |
| Ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | smooth and rough channels entending from nucleus, rough channels contain ribosomes. |
| Golgi apparatus | packages and transports proteins |
| Lysosomes | sac like structures for digesting |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of cell, converts O2 & nutrients to energy (ATP) |
| Nucleus | Governs reproductive processes |
| Name 4 types of chemical signaling | Endocrine,Paracrine,Autocrine,Synaptic |
| Endocrine | Hormones |
| Paracrine | Local chemicals, local communication |
| Autocrine | Self communication of cell |
| Synaptic | Neuro-transmitters |
| Cellular need for nutrients is dependant on: | Supply and utilization |
| Cellular supply is dependant on: | Ingestion Digestion Absorption Transport |
| Cell utilization of nutrients is dependant on: | Enzymes (proteins) Co-enzymes (non protein) |
| Anabolism | Storage of CHO, fats, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, ect. (LIVER) |
| Glycogen | Extra glucose that is stored in long chain molecules. |
| Glycogenis | The process of making glycogen |
| Lipogenesis | excess glucose that is stored as fat after enough glycogen is made |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of CHO, fats, proteins, amino acids, vitamins. |
| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Lipolysis | Breakdown of fat to glycerol then converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis |
| Deamination | Breakdown of protein then converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis |
| Name 3 plasma proteins | Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen |
| Where are plasma proteins made | Liver |
| Albumin | PLASMA PROTEIN (Water and solute balance) |
| Globulin | PLASMA PROTEIN Immunity |
| Fibrinogen | Clotting |
| 3 phases of cellular metabolism | Digestion (first phase) Glycolysis (2nd phase)Citric Acid Cycle, (Krebs Cycle) (3rd phase) |
| Glycolysis | Splitting of glucose (2nd phase) |
| The splitting of glucose in glycolysis yeilds what? | Pyruvic acid |
| Erythropoietin | Hormone produced by kidney. Released into the bloodstream to bone marrow for RBC production. Triggered by depressed levels of plasma O2 |
| Glycolyisis can occur in the absence of O2 however it quickly becomes what? | Lactic Acid |
| If O2 is adequate in glycolysis pyruvic acid is converted to what? | Acetyl CoA |
| Citric Acid Cycle is also called what? | Krebs Cycle |
| Which phase is the cytric acid cycle? | 3rd phase |
| Is the cytric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic | Aerobic |
| What is the energy called that is released in the citric acid cycle | ATP |
| 60% of the ATP energy in the citric acid cycle is used for what? | To maintain core body temperature |
| Once ATP energy is used it becomes what? | ADP |
| ADP releases what? | Hydrogen, CO2, and H2O |
| The Citric Acid Cycle changes acetyl CoA into what | CO2 and H2O |
| On an erythrocyte the majority of O2 is attached to what? | Outside surface of Hgb |
| Globin | Plasma protein essential for immunity |
| How many hemaglobin molecules are on each RBC | 4 |
| The majority (75%) of CO2 travels as what? | HCO3 (sodium bicarb) |
| Carbamino-hemoglobin | CO2 attaches to protein portion of Hgb (25%), travels to the alveoli and is exhaled as CO2 |
| Chloride Shift | The waste products of metabolism CO2 and H2O travel to the RBC;CO2 + H2O combine to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid);H2CO3 breaks down into HCO3 and H+;H+ connects with Cl- to stabilize the reaction;HCO3 travels to the kidney for acid/base balance |
| The majority of CO2 travels as ? | HCO3 |
Created by:
ramassist
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