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Microbiology
Excelsior Exam (Various resources)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes and bacteria also referred to as | eubacteria |
| Eukaryotes include | fungus, algae, and protozoa |
| _______may produce endotoxins –they have a thin peptidoglycan layer in cell walls and an outer LPS layer | Gram negative bacteria |
| ______bacteria may produce exotoxins | Gram positive |
| _____bacteria have techoic acid and a thick peptidoglycan layer in cell walls | Gram positive |
| ______bacteria have waxy cells and stain pink red in an acid stain (ex: TB) | Acid fast |
| ________are the bacteria that are spore forming (endospores) | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| _______ do not have cell walls | Mycobacteria |
| _______ lack peptiglycan cell walls | Archea |
| Members of archea love extreme conditions; they are ______ _________ _________ | halophiles, thermophiles and psychrophiles |
| _______ fix oxygen and produces oxygen as a metabolic waste product | Cyanobacteria |
| ________ are resistive vegetaive forms of bacteria that can re-emerge when conditions are favorable | Endospores |
| Algae are | photosynthetic autotrophs |
| If cocci splits on 2 planes it is a | tetra |
| ________ are grapelike clusters of gram positive cocci | Staphylococcus |
| ______ consists of a capsid or core and nucleic acid | Virus |
| The protein coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid in a virion is called the | capsid |
| _______ is composed of host materials and forms during maturation and release | Virus envelope (not all viruses have envelopes) |
| ______ is a virus that infects a bacteria | Bacteriophage |
| _________ or________ is only capable of lysogeny-living in host without causing damage | temperant phage or lytic (prophage because it is capable of becoming lytic or virulent phage) |
| Virulent phage or lytic is only capable of | lysis |
| Spirochetes move via__________________ that encircle the cell | axial filaments |
| An antigen reaction can activate ______ | complement (complement causes cascade of actions) |
| _______________ are responsible for manufacture of antibodies | B cells |
| ________________ develop from stem cells. Mature in the lymph system and differentiate to plasma cells | B cells |
| An antibody has a minimum of how many binding sites on an antigen? | 2 |
| _________ can cross the placenta | IgG |
| ______ is the first to synthesize in response to an antigen | IgM |
| ______ binds to mast cells (involved in allergic reactions) | IgE |
| T cells mature in the | thymus |
| A mature T helper cells has what cell surface proteins which are relative to antigen recognition? | TCR, CD3, CD4, CD8 |
| ____ are important in activating other T cells to act | T helper cells or HT |
| If there are no T cells there is no________. T cells activate__________ | immunity; B cells |
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility is an example of_____ . The mechanism of this hypersensitivity reaction involves the mother’s anti-Rh antibodies binding to the red blood cells, triggering complement-mediated lysis | class II hypersensitivity reaction |
| Activated complement biological activities | 1.opsonization (enhancement of attachment phase of phagocytosis: 2. anaphylatoxin (incl, blood vessel permeability): 3. chemoattractant (attract phagocytes): 4. Membrane attack complex *lysis of targeted cell) |
| ______ is used to make monoclonal antibodies | hybridoma |
| Immune serum globulin comes from ______ or ______ donors | human; animal |
| Tetanus vaccine is a | toxoid |
| Systemic lupus erythematous causes ___________ complexes to form- this is a type _______ sensitivity reaction | antigen antibody; 3 |
| Giving a pregnant mother antiviral drugs prior to delivery decreases the chance of the child being born with | HIV |
| ___________ antibiotics can kill normal microbiota and allow opportunistic pathogens to grow | broad spectrum |
| __________ microscopy is used to identify the agent that causes syphilis | darkfield |
| ___________ infections are difficult to treat because of antibiotic resistance | nosocomial |
| _____________ is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea | E coli |
| Strep throat is caused by | S pyogenes |
| Rheumatic fever sequeled to strep is caused by | S pyogenes |
| ________ a sequel to strep throat is a result of S pyogens erthrogenic toxin | Scarlet fever |
| _______ analysis is a diagnostic for meningitis | CSF |
| _______________ causes toxic shock syndrome | Staphylococcus aureus |
| _______________ of staphylococcus aureus is responsible for scalded skin syndrome | Exfoliative toxin |
| Reactivation of latent ___________________ later in life causes shingles | Varicella Zoster |
| _____________ is the causative agent to stomach ulcers | helicobacter pylori |
| _____ is characterized by grayish membranous cover on pharynx | diptheria |
| _______ disease is transmitted bia aerosolization of bacteria from aqueous reservoirs- ie air conditioner vents | Legionnaires |
| Primary virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the ability to grow in a | macrophage (responsible for formation of tubercle) |
| ________ has symptoms similar to TB. They are differentiated by CXR and reaction mantoux | Histoplasmosis |
| ______ responsible for cholera binds to intestinal epithelial cells-activates host cell adenylate cyclase causing increased cAMP levels in host cells-leads to out pouring of Cl ions and water—leads to extreme diahrrhea | Cholerea vibrio toxins |
| Herpes simplex type _______ virus establishes latency in nerve cells | 2 |
| ________ is best viewed with a darkfield microscope | syphillis spirochet |
| A virus is best viewed with an | electron microscope |
| Reason that the smallpox virus could be eradicated. | -humans are the only reservoir- no latency - effective vaccine |
| ________ causes genital warts and have been implicated in the etiology of cervical cancer | papillomaviruses |
| HIV is classified as a _______ or a _____ within the retroviruses | retrovirus; lentivirus |
| A CD4 count less than ____ is diagnostic of aids | 200 |
| Alphaviruses such as EEE,WEE,VEE and flaviviruses such as yellow fever, dengue are transmitted by __________. Eradicating this can control disease | mosquitos |
| Bites on the head and neck are especially dangerous because of the proximity to the brain. This is true in regard to being bitten by a ______ animal | rabid |
| ____________ block viral nucleic acid synthesis | Nucleoside analogs |
| _____ block viral protein processing (reverse transcroptase production) | protease inhibitors |
| _____ targets peptiglycan synthesis (cell wall synthesis) | penicillin |
| ______ is bacteriostatic- it stops growth of bacteria | Tetracycline |
| _______ inactivates Penicillin (resistance) | Beta lactamase |
| ______ damage bacterial cytoplasmic membranes | polymyxins |
| _____ inhibit bacterial protein synthesis | Aminoglycosides |
| ____ is a nucleic acid particle capable of autonomous replication | plasmid |
| The target of most antifungal drugs is the | plasma membrane |
| Resistance factors can be readily transferred by _____ and _____ | transposin; R plasmids |
| _____ or ______ is needed for R plasmid transfer of resistance (conjugation) | F factor; sex pilus |
| ______ test measures minimum inhibitory concentration of a drug (minimum needed to stop pathogenic growth)-the point with no growth= _____________ | broth dilution; MIC |
| To make champagne, conditions must be | anaerobic (absent of oxygen) |
| As cheese ages it gets _______ and ______ in taste | harder; sharper |
| Strictly ______ bacteria are responsible for spoilage in low acid canned foods | anaerobic |
| _______ cause milk to spoil in the fridge | psychrotrophs |
| ____ denature proteins and removes some lipids | alcohol |
| Mercury compounds are used for | microbial control |
| _____ is usd to disinfect wounds- not effective for deep wounds | hydrogen peroxide |
| _____ inhibits microbial proteins- it is an antiseptic | iodine |
| ________ only use the lytic cycle | virulent bacteriophage |
| A _______ does not have nucleic acid | prion |
| All endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms regardless of species of | microbe |
| Microorganisms in the lower respiratory tract are trapped in mucous produced by goblet cells, then propelled upward by synchronized beating of | cilia |
| ____________ is a defensive system consisting of at least 20 interacting serum proteins | compliment |
| Tetanus vaccine is a | toxoid |
| A transfusion reaction is a type_____ allergic reaction | II |
| ______ produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration | Oxygenetic |
| _______ and ______ use anerobic respiration to produce ATP molecules | fermentation; glycolysis |
| _______ produces the most ATP | Electron transport chain |
| cellular reproduction is at its most active during the | log phase or exponential phase |
| _______ phase is when cell death equals new cells and the metabolic activity of cells decline | stationary phase |
| ________phase occurs when deaths out number new cells | death phase or logarithmic decline |
| _____is defined as a phase of sustained growth as a result ofenvironmental change for a microorganizm where it is getting accustomed withnew growth contitions. | Lag phase |
| _____ phase of growth produces a stable population-the death rate is equal to the birth rate | LAG |
| _____ require organic material for growth | fungi |
| The type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water is | hydrogen bond |
| The counterstain in the acid-fast stain is a | basic dye |
| Force from which a solvent moves across a semipermeable membrane from a higher to lower concentraion defines | osmotic pressure |
| A culture medium consisting of agar, human blood, and beef heart is a _____ medium | complex |
| Ethylene oxide is capable of | sterilization |
| Products of transcription | rRNA, tRNA, mRNA |
| A colleague has used computer modeling to design an improved enzyme. To produce this enzyme, the next step is to determine the | nucleotide sequence for the improved enzyme |
| Multicellular, have eukaryotic cells, can photosynthesize, use organic energy sources..this is true of the | Kingdom Plantae |
| Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can be differentiated in a laboratory by | growth in high salt concentrations |
| Fungi,more often than bacteria are responsible for decomposition of plant material because they can tolerate | low moisture conditions |
| Criterion to classify viruses- | Morphology, nucleic acid, size, and number of capsomeres |
| The major significance of Koch's work was that | microorganisms cause disease |
| Most pathogens that gain access through the skin enter through | hair follicles and sweat glands |
| ______ exhibits the highest phagocytic activity. | neutrophils |
| A protein that inactivates or kills an antigen is an | antibody |
| If a patient shows the presence of antibodies against Herpes simplex, this indicates | -the patient may have the disease- may have been vaccinated- a transfusion may have passively introduced the antibodies |
| What may result from systemic anaphylaxis? | shock |
| Most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against | bacteria |
| Impetigo | S aureus |
| erysipelas | S. pyogenes |
| Acne | P. acne |
| otitis externa | P. aeruginosa |
| A healthy state can exist, it is encapsulated, it requires a blood supplement in media, it usually infects children..this describes | H. influenza |
| Streptococcal sore throat, diptheria, pneumococcal pneumonia, scarlet fever...these are treated with | penicillin |
| Amoebic dysentery and bacillary dysentery differ in the | etiologic agent |
| Pylonephritis may result from | urethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, systemic infection |
| 81% if microorganisms on the soil are | bacteria |
| As cheese ages it gets more | acidic |
| Maintains the shape of the cell, is sensitive to lysosome, contains techoic acid..this is true of a | gram positive cell wall |
| An organism that uses oxygen or grows without it is referred to as a | facultative anaerobe |
| ___ can not produce themselves outside a host | viruses |
| _______ is acquired during the course of hospitalization | nosocomial infections |
| Pneumonia, tuberculosis, measles..are contracted via the | respiratory route |
| Mechanical factors to protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection- | layers of cells, tears, saliva |
| Plasma cells are activated by an | antigen |
| The chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are found in | basophils and mast cells |
| The first antibiotic discovered was | penicillin |
| Coccus, coagulase positive, catalase positive, gram positive--this is characteristic of | S. aureus |
| What is the most common method of spread of tuberculosis | airborne |
| The Schick test is used to measure immunity to | diptheria |
| ________ is caused by nonmotile, gram negative, coccobacillus | Pertussis |
| A beefy red oropharynx and white patches on the throat are most commonly associated with | streptococcal infection |
| Pneumonia is best detected by | CXR |
| The distinguishing feature regarding atypical pneumonia is the microorganism has no | cell wall |
| The most common method of transmission of Legionnaire disease is | contaminated water |
| The usual incubation period for the common cold is | 1-4 days |
| What type of influenza causes cases here and there at any given time? | type C |
| Kopliks spots are seen in which infectious disease? | Rubeola |
| The reservoir for rubeola include | humans |
| The MMR vaccine immunizes against | measles, mumps, rubella |
| Chicken pox | varicella zoster virus |
| Cryotococcus neoformans is primarily a | pulmonary disease |
| Histoplasmosis is directily related to contamination from | chickens, birds, bats |
| What form of Aspergillus is usually fatal? | disseminated aspergillosis |
| An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that cannot be synthesized itself is termed a | growth factor |
| The source of the necessary elements of life is an | inorganic environmental reservoir |
| An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a | photoautotroph |
| An obligate halophile requires high | salt |
| Chemoautotrophs can survive on _______ and _____ alone | minerals; CO2 |
| A pathogen would most accurately be described as a | parasite |
| A substance that would be moved by passive transport is | water |
| A cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will ________ by osmosis | lose water |
| Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires | the expenditure of ATP |
| Environmental factors such as temperature and pH exert their effect on the ____ of microbial cells. | enzymes |
| Psychrophiles would be expected to grow at | refrigeration temperatures |
| Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack | dismutase |
| The time required for a cell to undergo binary fission is called the | generation time |
| In a viable plate count, each ____ represents a ____ from the sample population | colony; cell |
| During the phase, the rate of new cells being added to the ____ population has slowed down | stationary |
| The process designated high temperature, short time is associated with | pasteurization |
| What disinfectant is compatible with human tissues? | antiseptic |
| What term indicates an agent that inhibits bacterial growth? | bacteriostatic |
| A substance used to disinfect human tissues is called an | antiseptic |
| What concentration of ethyl alcohol would be the most effective disinfectant? | 75% |
| What molecule would be the best antigen? | proteins |
| Plasma cells are ______________ cells | antibody producing |
| Mercurochrome is an | antiseptic |
| The integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome occurs because of ____________ sequence in the virus and the host. | identical nucleotide |
| A complete infective virus particle is called a | bacteriophage |
| A bacteriophage after it becomes integrated into its host's chromosome is called a | prophage |
| A complete, infectious virus particle is called a | virion |
| In addition to maintaining the prophage in an integrated state, the repressor proteins also | prevents infection of the host by the same type of virus |
| An enzyme located in the tail of some phages that digests a small hole in the bacterial cell wall is | lysozyme |
| In specialized transduction, the only genes that can be transduced are those located near the site of | integration of the phage DNA |
| A bacterial cell carrying a prophage is called a | lysogen |
| What will interfere with normal ciliary action of the respiratory epithelium and make an individual more susceptible to infection | viral infection |
| The rash of scarlet fever is caused by | bacteria in the skin |
| New tests for strep throat that are rapid and can be performed in a physicians office rely on | Streptococcus pyogene antigens in the throat |
| Depletion of _____ enhances toxin synthesis in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. | iron |
| A toxoid is an inactivated | toxin |
| ________ , a consequence of strep throat infections, is actually caused by immune complexes in the kidneys | acute glomerulonephritis |
| The fundamental unit of all living matter is | cell |
| Heat resistant form of bacteria is known as an | endospore |
| Cells that have a membrane surrounding their genetic material are known as | eukaryotic |
| Heat resistant, non dividing forms of bacteria are called | endospores |
| Cells that can be seen only with the help of a microscope are called | microorganisms |
| Leeuwenhook discoveries were significant because he carefully | recorded and reported his results |
| The name for the group of primitive bacteria is the | archaebacteria |
| As demonstrated by Tydall, infusions which were sterilized by boiling in 5 minutes could not be sterilized in 5 minutes when what materials were in the laboratory? | hay, due to endospores |
| Pasteur experiments demonstrated that microorganisms grown in contaminated flasks were indistinguishable from those that were found in | air |
| What is the correct way to represent the scientific name for a specific bacterium? | Bacillus cereus (Caps, italics) |
| We cannot describe viruses as prokaryotes or eukaryotes because viruses are not | cellular |
| The original distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells was made on the basis of the | absence or presence of nuclear membrane |
| The process by which living microorganisms are used to help clean up the environment is called | bioremediation |
| The system developed by Linnaeus for naming organisms is known as what type of system of nomenclature? | Binomial |
| What theory states that all organisms are composed of cells and that cells are the fundamental units of life? | cell theory |
| Tyndall and Cohn discovered a heat resistant form of bacteria known as | endospores |
| What term best describes the cleaning and disinfection of operating rooms and patient rooms after use? | terminal cleaning |
| Alcohols kill vegetative bacteria and fungi by | coagulating essential proteins |
| What phase of microbial growth would be most susceptible to the killing action of microbial agents? | exponential phase (log phase) |
| Chlorox and ethyl alcohol are examples of | disinfectants |
| The process of controlled heating of substances at temperatures below boiling which is directed toward the elimination of specific pathogens is called | pasteurization |
| Pasteurization was developed to control spoilage microorganisms in | wine |
| A tincture is a solution of | alcohol |
| What is the causative agent of Lyme disease | Borrelia burgdoferi |
| In lysogenic conversion, the genes that code for the toxins are | phage genes |
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