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Cardiacvascul System
all about the heart, dxs, iii, diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| carry oxygen-rich blood away from your heart | arteries |
| carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart | veins |
| oxygen-rich blood are colored | red |
| oxygen-poor blood are colored | blue |
| yellowish liquid that is 90% water | plasma |
| is actually a tissue, about 80% water and 20% solid | blood |
| 3 main types of blood | platelets, RBC, WBC |
| help the blood to clot | platelets or thrombocytes |
| life span of RBC | 120 days |
| cells that ward off infection | WBC |
| what blood contains | hormones, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, gases |
| organ that filters and cleans blood | kidney |
| different blood types | A, B, AB, O |
| universal donor | type O |
| natural pacemaker | SA node |
| main artery of systemic circulation | aorta |
| supplies blood to felt side of heart | circumflex artery |
| regulates blood flow between right atrium and right ventricle | tricuspid valve |
| controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries | pulmonary valve |
| allows oxygen rich blood to pass from left atrium to left ventricle | mitral valve |
| opens the way for oxygen rich blood to pass from left ventricle into the aorta | aortic valve |
| channels that carry blood to or from all tissues | blood vessels |
| two circulatory circuits | pulmonary & systemic circulation |
| where oxygenation & carbon dioxide removal occur | lungs |
| where food products enter from the digestive organs | portal vein |
| what does lymphatic system consists of? | lymph/interstitial fluid, lymphatics, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus |
| bone marrow life span of platelets | 10 days |
| function of platelets | blood clotting |
| function of lymphocytes | immunity |
| function of T-cells | attack virus containing cells |
| function of B-cells | produce antibodies |
| function of neutrophil | phagocytosis |
| functions of plasma | maintenance of pH level near 7.4; transport of large molecules; immunity; blood clotting |
| controls vessel size of arteries | sympathetic nervous system |
| artery that supplies the brain & skull | carotid artery |
| artery that supplies the abdomen | mesenteric (intestines), celiac (stomach, liver, spleen), renal (kidney), iliac (pelvis) |
| artery that supplies the upper extremity | brachial/axillary (upper arm), radial & ulnar (forearm & hand),borsal carpal (fingers) |
| artery that supplies the lower extremity | femoral (thighs), popliteal (leg), dorsal pedis & posterior tibial (foot) |
| point of exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues | capillaries |
| vessels that collect blood from all body parts; largest veins | superior and inferior vena cava |
| 3 layers of blood vessels | intima, media, adventitia |
| blood vessel layer that expands when pressure surges then snaps back to push blood forward when the heart rests | smooth muscle media |
| the only artery that carries oxygen poor blood | pulmonary artery |
| normal heart rate | 60-100 beats |
| sound of heart contracting | "lub-dub" |
| one cardiac cycle consists of: | atrial contraction & relaxation, ventricular contraction &relaxation, and a short pause |
| part where there is contraction of the heart muscle in the ventricles | systole |
| part where there is relaxation of the ventricular heart muscles | diastole |
| increased pressure on the arteries due to the contraction of the ventricles | systolic pressure |
| decreased pressure due to the relaxation of the ventricles | diastolic pressure |
| part of the brain that regulates blood pressurea and breathing | medulla |
| machine that shows electrical activity of the heart | ECG |
| represents atrial depolarization | P wave |
| represents depolarization at the Bundle of His | Q wave |
| represents the main spread of depolarization from inside out through the base of the ventricles | R wave |
| shows the subsequent depolarization of the rest of the ventricles upwards from base | S wave |
| represents repolarizartion of the myocardium after systole is complete | T wave |
| types of alveolar artery | superior & inferior |
| 2 parts of superior alveolar artery | anterior & posterior |
| measures blood pressure throughout the day and night; believed to be able to reduce the white coat HPN | ambulatory blood pressure (ABPM) |
| medical imagaing technique to visualize the inside (lumen) of blodd vessels & organs of the body; traditionally done by injecting radiopaque contrast agent | angiography or arteriography |
| a medical specialty which studies diseases of circulatory system and of lymphatic system | angiology |
| stimulates the release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex causing blood vessels to constrict and increase blood pressure up | angiotensin |
| is a renin substrate; an α-2-globulin released by the liver | angiotensinogen |
| formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen; precursor to angiotensin 2 | angiotensin 1 |
| found predominantly in the capillaries of the lungs | ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) |
| medications that decrease the rate of angiotensin 2 production; major drug against HPN | ACE inhibitor |
| a hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium and lose potassium | aldosterone |
| the ratio of the blood pressure in the lower legs to the BP in the arms | ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) |
| chemoreceptors responsible for sensing changes in blood gases | glomus cells (located in carotid & aortic bodies; helps regulate breathing) |
| other names of aortic sinuses | sinus of Valsalva; sinus of Morgagni; Petit's sinus |
| a result of an aortic valve that fails to open fully thereby obstructing blood flow out from the heart | aortic stenosis |
| a result of incompetent aortic valve and blood flows passively back to the heart in the wrong direction | aortic insufficiency/aortic regurgitation |
| is the lowest superficial part of the heart and is directed downward, forward, to the left and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura | apex of the heart |
| the primary site of vascular resistance | arteriole |
| is an arteriole which bypasses capillary circulation | metarterioles |
| are veins that connect the pelvic veins to the internal vertebral venous plexus & allows metastasis of cancer from pelvic organs to vertebral column | Batson's veins |
| a cardiac shunt which allows blood to flow freely between the right and left heart | bidirectional shunt |
| refers to the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels | blood pressure (arterial pressure) |
| most critical nutrient carried by the blood | hemoglobin (oxygen) |
| is the constriction of blood vessels | vasoconstriction |
| is part of the blood-ocular barrier that consists of cells that are joined tightly together to prevent certain substances from entering the tissue of the retina | blood-retinal barrier or BRB |
| eye damage that is a result of diabetes & is related to the breakdown of blood retinal barrier | diabetic retinopathy |
| is the localized reduction of blood flow to the brain or parts of the brain due to arterial obstruction or systemic hyperfusion | brain ischemia |
| a condition where a blood clot has occured & occluded a cerebral vessel | focal brain ischemia |
| a condition when blood ceases to flow or the blood flow to the brain decreases drastically | global brain ischemia |
| the smallest body of blood vessels | capillaries |
| 3 types of capillaries | continuous; fenestrated; sinusoidal or discontinuous |
| type of capillaries that have a sealed endothelium & only allow small molecules to diffuse | continuous capillaries |
| are capillaries that have pores in the endothelial cells that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oreiented fibrils & allow molecules & limited amounts of protein to diffuse | fenestrated capillaries |
| are fenestrated capillaries that have larger openings in the endothelium to allow RBC & serum CHONs to enter | sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries |
| a rate at which blood refills empty capillaries | capillary refill |
| is a common measure of dehydration & peripheral perfusion | capillary refill time/nail blanch test |
| refers to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity | cardiorespiratory fitness |
| responsible for the change of heart rate | cardiovascular centre (medulla) |
| is a hiatus in the diaphragm of humans through which passes the inferior vena cava at the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra | caval opening |
| is the blood supply to the brain in a given time | cerebral blood flow |
| is a layer of capillaries that is immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane in the choroid | choriocapillaries |
| drugs that alter heart rate | chronotropic drugs * positive -- increase HR * negative -- decrease HR |
| a cv test performed by immersing the hand into an ice water container & measuring the changes in BP & HR; clinically indicate vascular response @ pulse excitability | cold pressor |
| is often a result of anastomoses -- branches formed between adjacent blood vessels | collateral circulation |
| a nervous system response to severe cerebral ischemia | Cushing reflex |
| are blood supply of a tooth | dental canaliculi or dentinal tubules |
| is a branch of the splenic artery that supplies pancreas | dorsal pancreatic artery |
| true or false: all animals with lungs have a double circulatory system | true (because it has two loops - one from the heart to the lungs & one from the heart to rest of the body) |
| 3 main types of valves | bicuspid, tricuspid, 2 semilunar valves |
| an agent that affects the conduction velocity of the AV node & subsequently the rate of electrical impulses in the heart | dromotropic agents |
| is the volume of arterial blood (vascular extracellular fluid) effectively perfusing the tissue | effective circulating volume (ECV) |
| a layer of thin cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels; helps in reducing turbulence flow of the blood | endothelium |
| a compound secreted by endothelial cells w/c leads to nitic oxide & prostacyclin independent vasodilation by relaxation of vascular smooth muscle | endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) |
| refers to the circulation of bile from the liver to the small intestine then back to the liver | enterohepatic circulation |
| system that directs nutrient rich blood from the intestines to the liver | hepatic portal system |
| when a cholesterol is metabolized, it results to: | cholic acid & chenodeoxycholic acid |
| an adaptive mechanism that causes blood to pass the lung without being oxygenated | Euler-Liljestrand mechanism |
| is an excessive rise in blood pressure during exercise | exercise hypertension |
| is the soft tissue component of the connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber | fascia |
| 3 layers of fascia | superficial, deep, visceral |
| serves as a storage of fat & water, as a passageway for lymph, nerve, & blood vessels, as a protective padding to cushion & insulate | superficial fascia |
| is the dense fibrous connective tissue that interpenetrates & surrounds the muscles, bones, nerves, & blood vessesl of body | deep fascia |
| this suspends the organs within their cavities & wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes; is a double layer fascia | visceral fascia (parietal [outer] & visceral [inner]) |
| specialized name for the visceral fascia found in the brain | meninges |
| specialized name for the visceral fascia found in the heart | pericardia |
| specialized name for the visceral fascia found in the lungs | pleura |
| composed of macrophage white blood cells and is the term generally given to the earliest stage of atheroma | fatty streak |
| are cells in an atheroma derived from both macrophages & smooth muscle cells w/c have accumulated LDL by endocytosis | foam cells |
| in fetal heart, this allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium | foramen ovale or ostium secundum of Born |
| an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovale w/c commonly closes after birth | fossa ovalis |
| failure of the foramen ovale of the heart to close | patent foramen ovale |
| is the system of blood vessels that links the hypothalamus & the ant. pituitary; allows endocrine communication bet. two structures | hypophyseal portal system (hypotahalmo-hypophyseal portal system) |
| is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder | inferior vesical |
| an agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions | inotropics (positive [increases strength] & negative [decreases strenght]) |
| is the wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the ehart | interatrial septum |
| is the stout wall separating the lower chambers of the heart from one another | interventricular septum or ventricular septum |
| is smooth muscle in the center of arteries that paradoxically keep the artery patent | intimal cushion |
| three ways that blood vessels are known to be formed | intussusception, angiogenesis, vasculogenesis |
| is the process whereby a new blood vessel is created by the splitting of an existing blood vessel in two | intussusception |
| a restriction in blood supply with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue | ischemia |
| term denoting a shortage of oxygen | hypoxia |
| where Na+ and water is reabsorbed | distal convoluted tubule |
| the part that senses the decrease in GFR and Na+ levels | macula densa |
| the cells taht senses the decrease in blood pressure | juxtaglomerular cells |
| a term used to describe myocardial relaxation | lusitropy |
| when this is increased, it promotes positive lusitropy & enables the heart to relax more rapidly | catecholamine |
| are tiny thin-walled blood vessel that are closed at one end & are located in spaces bet. cells throughout the body except the cns | lymph capillaries |
| 3 common macrovascular diseases | coronary (heart), cerebrovascular (brain), peripheral vascular disease (limbs) |
| a mechanism of how arteries & arterioles react to an increase or decrease of BP to keep the blood flow within the blood vessel constant | myogenic mechanism |
| is the rate of blood filtration by the nephron | glomeruclar filtration rate |
| a pericardial sinus that is located between the limbs of the inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left atrium | oblique sinus |
| the sinus that forms in the pericardial cavity where the dorso-mesentary pericardium reside | transverse sinus |
| a condition wherein the truncus arteriosus is not properly divided into pulmonary artery & aorta | persistent truncus arteriosus |
| occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins | portal venous system |
| is the coexistence of portal hypertension & pulmonary hypertension | portopulmonary hypertension |
| is a band of smooth muscle that adjusts the blood flow into each capillary | precapillary sphincter |
| is a catheter that measures pulmonary capillary wedge pressure | Swan-Ganz catheter |
| it is the pressure measured in a pulmonary artery after occlusion of that arery | pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (pcwp) |
| is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure & water (fluid) balance | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| this stimulates the production of angiotensin | renin |
| is made in the hypothalamus & is released from the post. pituitary gland to stimulate reabsorption of water in the kidneys | vasopressin |
| functions in the destruction of redundant RBC & hold a reservoir of blood | spleen |
| refers to an angiosarcoma arising from chronic lymphedema | Stewart-Treves syndrome |
| largest branch of the axillary artery | subscapular artery |
Created by:
zhilan
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