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Chapter 9
Musculoskeletal System Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| long bones | consist of a long, hollow shaft with 2 bulbous ends, such as the humerus & femur |
| short bones | generally square-like in shape and found in the wrist & ankle |
| flat bones | relatively thin & often curved such as the skull bones |
| irregular bones | have many projections & vary in shape, are represented by the vertebrae & mandible |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells that lie between the rings of matrix in spaces call lacunae |
| osteoblasts | a cell that makes new bone |
| osteoclast | reabsorption & removal of bone |
| 2 types of bone tissue | Compact bone Cancellous or spongy bone |
| Compact bone | forms the outer covering of bones |
| Cancellous/spongy bone | forms the interior structure of bones |
| diaphysis | a thin shaft, between two larger ends or epiphyses |
| metaphysis | area where the shaft broadens into the epiphysis |
| epiphysis | made up of spongy bone covered by compact bone |
| periosteum | a fibrous connective tissue containing osteoblasts, blood vessels, nerves, & lymphatics |
| medullary cavity | The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored |
| endosteum | is a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. |
| 4 basic functions of skeletal muscle | 1. Facilitate body movement 2. Maintain body position 3. Stabilize joints 4. Maintain body temperature |
| Epimysium | surrounding the entire muscle |
| Perimysium | surrounding the fascicles |
| Endomysium | surrounding the individual muscles fibers (cells) |
| motor unit | the motor neuron of the spinal cord & all the muscle fibers it stimulates |
| neuromuscular junction | where the synapse between the end of the motor nerve & the receptor site in the muscle fiber is located |
| aerobic exercise | increases the muscles capacity to work for a longer time without causing marked hypertrophy of the muscle; swimming or running |
| anaerobic exercise | focuses on increasing muscle strength by increasing muscle mass; weight lifting or bodybuilding |
| hypertrophy | increased size of the muscle cell |
| anabolic steroids | synthetic hormones used for changing the body image to build up muscle strength and mass; used by some athletes, bodybuilders, etc |
| atrophy | muscle cell sized is decreased |
| Synarthroses | represented by the sutures in the skull, are immovable joints |
| Amphiarthroses | slightly moveable joints, are joints in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage |
| Diarthroses or synovial joints | freely movable joints and are the most common type of joint in the body |
| hinge joint | provides flexion & extension, is found at the elbow |
| ball-and-socket joint | provides a wide range of motion, including rotation, is found at the shoulder |
| temporormandibular joint | provides both hinge & gliding movements, controlling the opening of the mouth |
| synovial fluid | prevents the articular cartilage on the two surfaces from damaging each other & also provides nutrients to the articular cartilage |
| articular (hyaline) cartilage | found in synovial joints at the ends of the bone, provides a smooth surface & slight cushion during movement |
| synovial membrane | lines the joint capsule to the edge of the articular cartilages |
| articular capsule | composed of the synovial membrane and its outer covering |
| fibrous capsule | a tough protective material that extend into the periosteum of each articulating bone |
| Bursae | fluid-filled sacs composed of synovial membrane & located between structures such as tendons & ligaments |
| proprioceptors | pain receptors |
| Electromyograms (EMGs) | measure the electrical charge associated with muscle contraction & are helpful in differentiating muscle disorders from neurologic disease |
| Arthroscopy | insertion of a lens directly into a joint |
| Complete fracture | bone is broken to form 2 or more separate pieces |
| Incomplete fracture | bone is only partially broken |
| Open or compound fracture | bone fragments protrude through the skin |
| Simple fracture | a single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment & position |
| Comminuted fracture | in which there are multiple fracture lines & bone fragments |
| Compression fracture | common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces |
| Impacted fracture | occurs when one end of the bone is forced or telescoped into the adjacent bone; for example, the neck of the femur is crushed against the pelvis |
| Pathologic fracture | results from a weakness in the bone structure due to conditions such as a tumor or osteoporosis |
| Stress fracture | result from repeated excessive stress |
| Depressed fracture | occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced inward on the brain |
| transverse fracture | a fracture across the bone |
| linear fracture | a break along the axis of a bone |
| oblique fracture | a break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone |
| spiral fracture | a break that angles around the bone, usually due to a twisting injury |
| avulsion | ligaments or tendons that completely separate from their bony attachments |
| 1st Degree Muscle Tear | involves small percentage of the muscle; pain is mild & doesn't result in any appreciable loss in strength or ROM |
| 2nd Degree Muscle Tear | involves much of the muscle but stops short of being a complete tear; pain is severe with a substantial loss of strength & ROM |
| 3rd Degree Muscle Tear | a complete tear across the width of the muscle; there will be a great deal of internal bleeding & may require surgery for proper healing |
| Osteoporosis | common metabolic bone disorder characterized by a decrease in bone mass & density, combined with loss of bone matrix & mineralization |
| Rickets & Osteomalacia | result from a deficit of Vitamin D & phosphates required for bone mineralization |
| Osteomyelitis | a bone infection usually caused by bacteria & sometimes fungi |
| Lordosis | spine curving significantly inward at the lower back |
| Kyphosis | aka hunchback or humpback, is an abnormally rounded upper back |
| Scoliosis | is an S- or C-shaped sideways curve to the spine |
| Osteosarcoma | primary malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults |
| chrondrosarcomas | arise from cartilage cells and develop more gradually in the pelvic bone or shoulder girdle & eventually metastasize to the lungs |
| Muscular Dystrophy | a group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle |
| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy | a group of progressive degenerative muscle disorders, often inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, affecting boys |
| Osteoarthritis | degenerative or "wear & tear" joint disease; affects weigh bearing joints (hips, knees) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | an autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammatory disease; remissions & exacerbations; causes inflammation of the synovial membrane |
| Rheumatoid factor (RF) | an antibody against immunoglobulin G, as well as other immunologic factors, is present in the blood in the majority of persons with RA |
| ankylosis | fixation or immobility at a joint |
| uveitis | inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid (uveal tract) in the eye |
| Infectious or septic arthritis | usually involves a single joint; the joint is red, swollen, & painful with decreased ROM; early treatment is required to prevent permanent damage |
| Gout | results from deposits of uric acid & urate crystals in the joint that then cause an acute inflammatory response; colchicine may be used during an acute episode |
| hyperuricemia | elevated levels of uric acid |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | a chronic progressive inflammatory condition that affects the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, & costovertebral joints of the axial skeleton |
| Bursitis | an inflammation of the bursae associated with bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, of various joints |
| Synovitis | an inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the joint |
| Tendinitis | the irritation or inflammation of the tendon |
| 4 Stages of Fracture Healing | 1. Hematoma 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus 3. Bony callus 4. Remodeling |
| Functions of bones | -provide support for the body -provide protection of the visera (heart, lungs, spinal cord, & brain) -metabolizes & stores calcium -produces bone marrow where new blood cells are produced |
| Bone is made up of? | connective tissue consisting of an intercellular matrix & bone cells |
| Complications that affect bone healing | 1. Muscle spasms 2. Infections 3. Ischemia 4. Compartment Syndrome 5. Fat Emboli 6. Nerve damage 7.Failure to heal 8. Fractures |
| Emergency treatment for fractures | 1.Cover open wounds with sterile or clean dressings 2.Splint for support 3.Elevate limb slightly & apply cold if possible 4.Keep patient warm 5.Check for signs of shock |
| Predisposing Factors to Osteoporosis | -Aging -Decreased mobility or a sedentary lifestyle -Hormonal factors -Deficits of calcium, Vitamin D, or protein -Smoking -Small, light bone structure -Excessive caffeine intake |
| Treatment of osteomyelitis | Antibiotics Surgery |
| Osteosarcoma | a primary malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults, particularly males; grows quickly and metastasizes to the lungs in early stages |
| Ewing's Sarcoma | a malignant neoplasm common in adolescents that occurs in the diaphysis of long bones; grows quickly and metastasizes to the lungs in early stages |
| Chondrosarcomas | arise from cartilage cells & are common in adults older than 30 years old. |
| Fibromyalgia | characterized by pain & stiffness affecting muscle, tendons, & surrounding soft tissues (not joints). |
| Pathologic changes of RA | 1. Inflamed synovium 2. Loss of cartilage 3. Ankylosis (joint fixation & deformities) |
| Treatment for RA | Physical therapy & occupational therapy Pain control (NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, DMARDs |
Created by:
mschumacher1
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