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Chapter 6 - Muscles
Muscles.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| Elastic | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| Epimysium | the connective tissue sheath surrounding the skeletal muscle |
| Fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| Muscle Fasciculi (Fascicle) | numerous visible bundles the compose muscles |
| Perimysium | surrounds the muscle fasciculi |
| Fibers | the single muscle cells the compose the fasciculi |
| Endomysium | a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscles fiber |
| Myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| Myofibers consist of | 2 major kinds of protein fibers |
| Actin Myofilaments | thin myofilaments. they resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together |
| Myosin Myofilaments | thick myofilaments. they resemble bundles of minute golf clubs |
| Sarcomere | joined end to end to form the myofibril |
| Sarcomere is... | the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle |
| Each sarcomere extends... | from one Z line (disc) to another Z line |
| Each Z line is... | an attachment site for actin |
| The banded appearance is... | because of the arrangement of actin and myosin |
| What is on each side of the Z line? | a light area called an I band, it consist of actin. |
| Resting Membrane Potential | the charge difference across the membrane |
| Action Potential | the brief reversal back of the charge |
| Motor Neurons | are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Neuromuscular Junctions or Synapse | each branch that connects to the muscle near the center of the cell |
| Motor Unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| Presynaptic Terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal |
| Synaptic Cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Postsynaptic Terminal | the muscle fiber |
| Synaptic Vesicles | each presynaptic terminal contains this |
| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that secretes from the synaptic vesicles |
| Acetylcholinesterase | the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell rapidly broken down by enzymes |
| Sliding Filament Mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| Muscle Twitch | is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| Threshold | a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches this level, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| All-or-none Response | either it is going to contract to its maximum, or it wont at all. |
| Lag Phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Contraction Phase | time of contraction |
| Relaxation Phase | time during which the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | is needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| ATP is produced... | in the mitochondria |
| The three types of muscle | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Anaerobic Respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic Respiration | with oxygen |
| Oxygen Debt | is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. |
| Muscles Fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| Isometric | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| Isotonic | the amount of tension produced by the muscle does not change, but the length does in the contraction process |
| Muscle Tone | refers to the constant tension produced by muscle of the body for long periods of time. |
| Fast-Twitch Fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| Slow-Twitch Fibers | contract slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| Origin | (head) is the most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Belly | between the origin and the insertion |
| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| Prime Mover | a muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| Muscles are name according to... | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function. |
| Facial Muscles | occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, buccinators, zygomaticus, levator labii superioris, depressor anguli oris |
| Mastication | chewing |
| 4 pairs of mastication | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| Tongue Muscles | intrinsic and extrinsic |
| Neck Muscle | sternocleidomastoid |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis Oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crowfeet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye |
| Orbicularis Oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks. Trumpets muscle |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator Labii Superioris | sneering |
| DePressor Anguli Oris | frowning |
| Instinsic Tongue Muscle | change shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Muscle | moves the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts the head. |
| Hamstring Muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh |
Created by:
telliott803
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