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Neuro
Stack #189564
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Norepinephrine | Locus Ceruleus, alpha> beta 1 |
| Dopamine | Ventral Tegmentum & SNc |
| 5-HT | Raphe Nucleus |
| ACh | Basal nucleus of Mynert |
| Nerve layers | Endoneurium-> Perineurium -> Epineurium |
| Hypothalamus | TAN HATS: Thirst, Adenohypophysis, Neurohypophysis, Hunger & satiety, Autonomics, Circadian Rhythm, Temperature, Sex & emotions |
| Neurohypophysis | ADH: Supraoptic N. Oxytocin: paraventricular n. |
| Thalamus | Ventral Anterior/Lateral N.:Motor, Ventral Posterior N-lateral part:Sensation, Ventral Posterior N-Medial part: Facial sensation, Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Visual; Medial Geniculate Nucleus: Auditory |
| Thalamus Blood suppply | PCA, Posterior Cerebral A, Anterior choroidal A. |
| Limbic Function | Fight & Flight, Feeding, Feeling, Fucking |
| Posterior Communicating Artery | CN3 Palsy |
| Lateral Striate Artery | Off MCA -> Internal capsule, Striatum, GPs |
| Anterior Circle | Sensory-motor |
| Posterior Circle | Cranial Nerves, cerebellum, coma |
| Muscle Spindle | Stretch. Intrafusal(= intrinsic to muscle spindle). Muscle/Intrafusal Stretch -> Ia aferent -> alpha motor neuron -> reflex contraction. |
| Gamma Loop | CNS -> Gamma Neuron -> contracts intrafusal fiber-> increased reflex arc sensitivity |
| Golgi Tendon | Tension. 1b -(inhibition)->1alpha motor neuron. Muscle gives away to prevent tear. |
| Parinaud Syndrome | Pinealoma -> Lesion to superior colliculi -> Conjugate gaze paralysis |
| Nucleus Soltarius | 7,9,10 Visceral Sensory (taste, baroreceptors, gut distention) |
| Nucleus Ambiguous | 9,10,11 Motor Tongue->esophagus |
| Dorsal Motor Nucleus | Autonomic (parasymp) to heart, lungs, upper GI |
| palat- muscles | Vagus nerve (minus tensor veli palatini-V3) |
| -glossus muscles | Hypoglossal nerve (Minus palatoglossus- CN10) |
| Alpha Fetoprotein | Neural tube defects, anencephaly, Hepatocellular carcinoma, non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. |
| Utricle & Saccule | linear acceleration (ampula-rotational) |
| Pacinian corpuscle | Onion-like, vibratory. |
| Meissner's Corpuscle | hairless skin. blobby. Fine touch. |
| Free nerve endings | All skin. Arborizing. C, Adelta fibers, Pain & Temp |
| Merkel's Disk | Hair follicles, fingertips. Static touch. |
| Canal of Schlemm | Aqueous humor drainage. near outer iris. |
| Spinal Cord Lesion DDx (7) | Poliomyelitis & Wrding-Hoffman Dz, ALS, MS, B12, Tertiary Syphilis/Tabes Dorsalis, Anterior spinal artery infarct, Syringomyelia, Brown-Sequard Syndrome. |
| Horners...wtf? | Hypothalamus ->interomediolateral column->Sympathetics from T1->Superior cervical ganglion->V2 (open eyes, dilate pupil), sweating. |
| Arcuate Fasciculus Lesion | Poor repetition, good comprehension & speech. Wernicke's-Brocca's communcation lesion |
| Amygdala lesion | talkative, horny, uninhibited. (Kluver-bucy Synd) |
| Parietal Lobe Lesion | Contralateral neglect |
| Reticular activating system lesion | Low arousal/coma |
| Mammillary Body Lesion | Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
| Basal Ganglia Lesion | Tremor, chorea (jerky mvmt), atheosis (slow, writhing mvmt) |
| Cerebellar Lesion | Intention tremor, ataxia. (Vermis: Medial, hemisphere: limbs) |
| Subthalamic Nucleus Lesion | Contralateral hemiballismus |
| Hippocampus Lesion | ANTEROGRADE amnesia |
| Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation Lesion | Eyes look away from lesion |
| Frontal eye field Lesion | Eyes look toward the lesion |
| Alzheimer's | "Nucleus basalis degeneration. Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles |
| Hereditary, AD: Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein. | |
| Sporadic:APOE4." | |
| Pick's Disease | Dementia, aphasia, parkinsonian. Tau- Pick bodies |
| Lewy Body Dementia | Dementia + Hallucinations. alpha-synuclein. Lewy Bodies. |
| Creutzfelt-Jacob Disease | Prions. Rapid. myoclonus. Spongiform cortex. |
| Huntington's | Caudate Nucleus atrophy (LO GABA). Chromosome 4. Enlarged ventricles. |
| Parkinson's | Lewy Bodies (alpha synuclein). MPTP |
| Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Freidreich's Ataxia | Spinocerebellar tract lesion. fratxin |
| ALS | LMN & UMN signs, Superoxide Dismutase1 (SOD1) mutation. |
| Floppy baby, tongue fasciculations, death @7 mos. | Werdnig-Hoffman Disease. AR |
| Rapid growth (HERNIATION)-> necrosis w/PSEUDOPALISADES). | Glioblastoma: Adult, most common, 1yr survival. Cross corpus callosum. Astrocytes GFAP+. WHO Grade IV. GFAP stain+ |
| Psammoma bodies & spindle cells. | Meningioma. 2nd most common adult. @ arachnoid invaginations. |
| Mass in CN8. (Bilateral) | Schwannoma. 3rd most common adult. (Neurofibromatosis type 2) |
| Slow-growing, frontal lobe. Round nuclei w/clear cytoplasm, Chicken-wire capillaries. | Oligodendroglioma. Rare. |
| Well-circumscribed tumor in children. posterior fossa. Eosinophilic corkscrew fibers. | Pilocytic Astrocytoma. Low-grade. Benign, good prognosis. ROSENTHAL FIBERS |
| Cerebellar tumor in kids. Compresses 4th ventricle. Rosettes/perivascular pseudorosettes. | Medulloblastoma. Radiosensitive. |
| Tumor within 4th ventricle -> hydrocephalus. Kids. Rosettes, perivascular pseudorosettes. | Ependymoma. Poor prognosis. |
| Cerebellar tumor. Foamy cells. Highly vascular | HEMANGIOBLASTOMA. von Hippel-Lindenau associated (retinal angiomas). |
| Sellar mass +/- calcifications | Craniopharyngioma. Benign. Rathke's pouch derived. |
| Small posterior fossa-> downward displacement of cerebellum. Tonsilar herniation | Arnold-Chiari Malformation |
| Low lying cerebellum-> CSF obstruction -> cerebellar tonsils descend into foramen magnum. Benign. | Chiari 1 Malformation. Chiari II is when cerebellum & medulla herniate too. Fatal. |
| Large posterior fossa, cyst replaces cerebellum. | Dandy Walker malformation |
| Septal Nucleus | Sex & emotions |
| Supraoptic Nucleus | Thirst |
| Adenohypophysis & Neurohypophysis | Median Eminence |
| Hunger | Lateral Nucleus |
| Satiety | Ventromedial nucleus |
| Autonomics | Parasympathetic: Anterior Hypothalamus. Sympathetic: Posterior Hypothalamus |
| Circadian Rhythm | Suprachiasmatic Nucleus |
| Temperature | Heat: Posterior Hypothalamus. Cooling: Anterior Hypothalamus |
| GFAP | Astrocyte Marker |
| Nissl Stain | Oligodendroglia, Negri Bodies (rabies) |
| Facial Nerve | Face mvmt, Taste of anterior 2/3, Mouth & eye glands(-PAROTID), stapedius muscle. |
| Glossopharyngeal (9) | Taste from posterior 1/3, Oral musculature, PAROTID carotid body & sinus, stylopharyngeus. |
| Hypoglossal (12) | Tongue movement |
| Uncal Sx | Ipsilateral dilated pupil & ptosis (CN3 stretch), Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (PCA compression) |
| Tonic Clonic Seizure Tx | 1st Line:Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproic acid. + Lamotrigine, Gabapentin, Topiramate, Phenobarbital. All can be used for Partial. |
| Absence Seizures | 1st Line: Ethosuximide (only use). +Valproic Acid |
| Status Epilepticus | Acute: Benzodiazepine (Diazepam/Lorazepam). Prophylaxis: Phenytoin. |
| Benzodiazepines | Mech: Potentiate GABAa Action. Use:Status Epilepticus & Eclampsia Tx. SE:Sedation, tolerance, dependence. Antidote: Flumazenil. |
| Carbamazepine | Mech:Inactivates Na Channel. Use:1st for GTCs & Trigeminal neuralgia, Partial Seizures. SE: Diplopia, Ataxia, Blood Dyscrasias, Liver, Teratogen. |
| Ethosuximide | Mech:T-Type Ca channels. Use:Absence Seizures. SE:GI, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Urticaria (wheals). |
| Phenobarbital (Barbituates) | Mech:Potentiate GABAa Action. Use:1st line in pregnant & peds for GTCs & Partial, anxiety. SE: Sedation tolerance, dependence. |
| Phenytoin | Mech: Inactivates Na Channels. Use:1st line GTC & Status Prophylaxis, Partial, 1B Antiarrhythmic. SE: Nystagmus & diplopia, gingival hyperplasia, megaloblastic anemia, hirsutism, SLE, Teratogen. |
| Valproic Acid | Mech: Inactivates Na Channels& increase GABA. Use:1st line GTC, Myoclonic, Absence, Partial. SE:GI, Fatal hepatotoxicity (LFTs), neural tube defects. |
| Lamotrigine | Mech: BLOCKS Na Channels. Use: GTC, Partial. SE: Stevens-Johnson. |
| GABApentin | Mech: Increase GABA release. Use: GTC, Partial, Peripheral Neuropathy. SE:Sedation, ataxia. |
| Topiramate | Mech: BLOCKS Na Channels. Use:GTC, Partial. SE: Kidney stones, sedation, mental dulling. |
| Thiopental | Mech: Potentiate GABAa Action. Use: Anasthesia induction. |
| Succinylcholine | Mech: Tonic nicotinic depolarization. Use: Surgical paralysis. Antidote: Cholinesterase inhibitor (Neostigmine) once cell is repolarized. |
| Curare-Based Drugs | Mech: Competitive nicotinic antagonist. Use: Surgical paralysis. Antidote: Cholinesterase Inhibitor (Neostigmine, edrophonium) |
| Dantrolene | Mech: Blocks Ca release from SR. USe: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia. |
Created by:
Kyle Tiemeier
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