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Topic 8: Water & Cli
Pages (159 - 163), Hydrologic Cycle & Ground Water
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compare and contrast weather and climate. | Weather is short term and local, while Climate is annual and over the long term. |
| Describe the distribution of water over Earth in terms of salt vs. fresh water. | 97% Salt water; 3% Fresh Water. 2% of the 3% Fresh is stored as ice at the Poles. |
| What percentage of Earth's surface is covered with water? | About 72%. It fluctuates with seasons. |
| List the four things that can happen to water when is strikes Earth's surface having fallen as precipitation. | Evaporate, infiltrate, run-off, or be stored (retained) as ice or snow for a time. |
| Explain how slope effects infiltration. | Steep slope, less infiltration. Gentle slope, more infiltration. |
| Describe how degree of saturation effects infiltration. | Greater degree of saturation, less infiltration due to less available space. |
| Define the water table: | The top of the zone of saturation, below the zone of aeration, on top of the impermeable bed rock. |
| How does the local water table change over time? | Rise with rain, and fall with drought. Rise "above" the surface results in run- off, or flooding. |
| Define porosity: | The % percentage of empty space in a soil sample (typically 35% !). |
| List the three factors that effect porosity. | Shape, sorting, and packing. |
| Discuss how shape effects porosity. | Round shape = high porosity; square shape = low porosity. |
| Discuss how sorting effects porosity. | Well sorted = high porosity; mixed samples = low porosity. |
| Discuss how packing effects porosity. | Tightly packed = low porosity; loosely packed = higher porosity. |
| Does sediment size matter when it comes to porosity? | NO! Size does not matter in this case regarding porosity. |
| Define Permeability: | How easily and quickly water infiltrates. |
| Depict a high permeability soil sample. | Large diameter sediment, well sorted, rounded. |
| Depict a low permeability soil sample. | Small diameter sediment, mixed, regular shaped such as squares or flat like clay. |
| How might perma-frost effect permeability? | Ice would clog the pores/tunnels downward which would diminish permeability. |
| Define Capillarity: | The ability of water to climb up towards the surface against the pull of gravity. |
| Describe a soil sample with strong capillarity. | Small, well sorted sediments, round in shape. This provides more "hand holds and foot holds" per inch as the polar water molecules uses ad and co-hesion to climb. |
| Discuss how vegetation aids in infiltration. | Root structures create openings in the soil surface, and plants stop the water from flowing aiding gravity to pull it down into the sediment. |
| Depict ground characteristics with out vegetation covering. | High run-off probability, and low infiltration rates. |
| List three impermeable ground coverings. | Solid ice coat, a concrete parking lot, and buildings plus roads. |
| Describe conditions when flooding is likely. | When precipitation exceeds infiltration. When the ground is saturated. If slope is too great to allow for infiltration. |
| Define stream discharge: | Quantity of water flowing past a fixed spot in a given unit of time such as cubic meters per second. |
Created by:
whearn
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