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Quarter 1-3 REVIEW
Study guide for quarters 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what charge does a proton have? | positive |
| what charge does an electron have? | negative |
| what charge does a neutron have | no charge (neutral) |
| when electrons are shared what kind of bond is that? | covalent |
| when electrons are transferred (or lost/gain) what kind of bond is that? | ionic |
| what does polar mean? | a molecule has a slightly negative charge on one side of it and and a slightly positive charge on the other side of it |
| hydrogen bonding causes cohesion. What is cohesion? | when water sticks to water |
| hydrogen bonding causes adhesion. what is adhesion? | when water sticks to other substances like glass |
| hydrogen bonding causes capillarity? what is capillarity? | both cohesion and adhesion working together |
| why is carbon the molecule in all life? | it has 4 valence electrons so it can bond with other elements and it can form single, double and triple bonds making many different molecules necessary for life |
| name some carbohydrates? | sugars (like glucose, sucrose, lactose) and starch |
| what are proteins made out of? | amino acids |
| are lipids polar or nonpolar? | nonpolar... (remember "like dissolves like" -water is polar and it cannot dissolve fats) |
| name some nucleic acids? | RNA, DNA, ATP |
| how does ATP produce energy? | when one of the phosphate groups of ATP breaks off it releases energy. |
| what do enzymes do for the body? | they break down molecules. without them chemical reactions would occur so slowly that it could not support life |
| what is a cell? | the smallest unit of life |
| why are cells so small? | if they get too big and don't have enough surface area then materials cannot diffuse across the cell so the whole cell can't receive food |
| what is a eukaroyote? | a cell with a nucleus AND membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria) |
| what is a prokaryote? | a cell WITHOUT a nucleus (but still has DNA) and WITHOUT membrane bound organelles (like mitochondria) |
| which organelle in the cell makes ATP (energy)? | mitochondria |
| where are proteins made? | ribosomes |
| what 3 parts do all cells have? | cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA (not necessarily a nucleus though) |
| what kind of cells have cell walls? | plants and some bacteria |
| where are chloroplasts found? | in plants and some bacteria |
| which 2 organelles have their own DNA? | chloroplasts and mitochondria |
| which organelle allows a plant/bacteria to do photosynthesis? | chloroplast |
| when water flows from high to low this is called? | osmosis |
| if a molecule is too large to move OUT of the cell what process will the cell do? | exocyotsis |
| what does hypertonic mean? | it means lots of solute and low water. since water flows from high to low a cell in a hypertonic environment will shrink. |
| what is turgor pressure? | pressure that occurs in plant cells when water swells the cell and pushes against the cell wall |
| what is ecology? | the study of organisms and their environment |
| what is a community? | a group of different species in the same environment |
| what is an ecosystem? | all the living and nonliving factors in an environment |
| what does niche mean? | an organism's role it plays in the environment- what it eats, where it lives, how many babies it has... |
| what is a producer? | an organisms that makes organic nutrients for itself and the environment |
| name some producers? | any plant |
| where do plants and animals get nitrogen that their bodies need to grow? | plants get it from the soil and animals get it from eating plants (it does not come from the air) |
| what is a biogeochemical cycle? | ex: carbon, nitrogen, water cycle- it means elements that cycle through life and earth |
| what is exponential population growth? | a population is growing quickly- birth rates are unrestricted |
| what is logistic growth? | a population is growing quickly at first but then it levels off- birth rates are restricted due to carrying capacity. |
| what is carrying capacity? | the max number a population can hit due to lack of food, water, shelter, and mates |
| why is genetic diversity good in populations? | if organisms are not diverse then they are likely to all be affected if a devastating disease comes into an area |
| what is mimicry? | when one organisms looks (copies) another organism to better survive |
| how do plants protect themselves from being eaten? | thorns, tough leaves (hard to chew), poisonous chemicals (like poison ivy) |
| what is competition? | when two species attempt to use the same resources |
| what is a keystone species? | a species that is integral to the ecosystem- without it the ecosystem will not thrive and the diversity is greatly reduced |
| name some keystone species? | wolves, sea stars, otters, and jaguars |
| what is mutualism? | when a two species benefit in a relationship. |
| what is succession? | when land changes gradually over time |
| what is a biome? | a major ecosystem that occurs over wide areas of land |
| what is an adaptation? | any feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment |
| what process do bacteria use to make energy deep in the ocean away from sunlight? | chemosynthesis |
| What is the aphotic (photo refers to light) zone of the ocean? | area so deep sunlight cannot reach it |
| what is heredity? | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| what does phenotype mean? | the organisms features or physical appearance (looks) |
| what does homozygous mean? | AA or aa |
| what does heterozygous mean? | Aa |
| what does genotype mean? | the organisms genes or alleles (letters) |
| what does DNA do? | store and transmit genetic information |
| what is DNA made of? | sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate and nitrogen bases |
| what is DNA base pairing rule? | A- T and C-G |
| what is the monomer of DNA | nucleotide |
| how is RNA different from DNA? | RNA is single stranded, RNA has U instead of T, RNA has a different sugar (ribose) |
| what is transcription? | when DNA makes a copy of itself in the form of mRNA |
| what is translation? | when mRNA is read at the ribosome to make a protein |
| what is a mutation? | an error in DNA |
Created by:
ruth.baker
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