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7th Science Birds
7th Science - Chapter 8 - Effie Subardoe - Abeka Curriculum
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aves | The class birds are in |
| Plumage | Feathers |
| Avian | pertaining to birds |
| To reduce weight, instead of teeth and jawbones birds have ________ ______ made of keratin, reinforced by lightweight bony struts. | Toothless bills |
| Unlike the solid bones of most other animals, bird bones are usually hollow and strengthened by internal ______ _______ like that of a steel girder. | cross bracings |
| Andean condor | The largest flying bird |
| What characteristics do all members of the class Aves share? [six] | Bipdal [two-legged], warmblood, vertebrates,feathers, scally legs, and wings |
| Ornithologists | Scientists who study birds |
| Birds have a very strong sternum with a large ridge called what? | The Keel |
| Clavicles | Collarbones |
| The clavicles of a bird are fused together, forming the ___________. | Furcula [wishbone] |
| The bird's "thumb" bones support the _____. | Alula, a retractable group of feathers at the front of the wing. |
| The "______" bones support the feather on the wing tips. | finger |
| Humerus | Upper "arm" bone |
| Ulna and Radius | Lower "arm" bone |
| The muscles of flying birds are engineered to meet what? | The power demands of flight. |
| Pectorals | Flight muscles that correspond to the muscles of the chest |
| Pectoralis major | The larger two of the four pectoral muscles |
| By using the ________ to raise the wings, God eliminated the need for large, strong back muscles, keeping their weight low. | Pectorals |
| What do birds do instead of using a diaphragm? | Birds pump air through the lungs as chest muscles expand and contract the thoractic cavity |
| A bird's four chambered heart circulates blood in a pattern similar to what? | Humans and mammals. |
| Gizzard | Grinds food, making it easier for the intestine to absorb it. |
| Crop | A storage sack in the esophagus. |
| Do birds store much solid or liquid waste in their bodies? | NO! |
| A bird inhales and exhales how many times for each breath of air through its repiratory system? | Twice |
| Of all of God's creations, birds have the best _________. | Eyesight |
| Monocular vision | Has a wide field of vision for detecting danger. |
| Binocular vision | Allows a narrow field of vision for spotting prey. |
| The bird's wings are only ______ _________ for the flight feathers. | narrow supports |
| Where are the three basic type of flight feathers found? | Primary-extend from the bird's "hand" to the tips of its wings; Secondary-extend form the back of the ulna; Tertiary-overlap the secondary flight featheres nearest the bird's body |
| Flight feathers. | Provide birds with the necessary wing shape for flight; special contour feathers. |
| Name three basic type of flight feathers. | Primary, Secondary, and tertiary |
| Contour feathers. | Strong feather found on the bird's body wings, and tail. Aids the bird in streamlining. |
| Name three general types of feather. | Contour, flight, insulation. |
| Insulation feathers | down feathers |
| Down feathers | Soft, fluffy feathers close to the bird's body that provide excellent insulation withoug adding much weight. |
| Each feather has a shaft. What is a shaft? | A shaft is the hard, hollow "backbone" of the feather |
| Barbs | Attached to the shaft are thousands of individual projections; Barbs and contour feathers are "zipped" together by tiny hooks |
| Barbs and contour feathers are "zipped" together by tiny hooks called _________. | barbules |
| Feathers, which are made of keratin, grow from _________ in the bird's skin. | Follicles |
| Preen | groom |
| Preen gland | Produces oil that helps condition and waterproof the feathers |
| ________ ________ are some of the best gliders. | Soaring seabirds |
| Instincts | Built in knowledge you do not have to learrn |
| Hover | To remain stationary in the air |
| Intermittent flight | Alternate flapping with gliding or coasting |
| Gliding | The simpilest kind of flight; uses minimal energy |
| Some Gliders use hot air, or __________, to gain altitude without expending energy. | thermals |
| Soaring | When a bird glides within a thermal to gain altitude |
| What surprising activity is against the law in the United States? | To collect feathers belonging to most species. (Or other bird parts) |
| Powered flight | Flapping flight; Bird fly by continually flapping its wings |
| The most strenuous part of a bird's flight is _________. | Takeoff |
| Molt | When a bird replaces its old, broke, or missing feathers as new ones and grown |
| Name three reasons birds call. | To attract their mates, to warn other birds of danger, and to announce that food is available. |
| Dusting | When birds take a dust bath |
| Birds take water baths to clean their skin and feathers of what? | Dust, parasites, excess |
| Visual Displays | "Body language" Birds use this to communicate. |
| What is anting's purpose? | Exactly why some birds ant is unknown; it is guessed that acid on the ants rids the bird of parasites or skin irritation caused by the growth of new feathers |
| Anting is most often practiced when a bird is _______. | molting |
| Mobbing | When flocks of small birds attack a large predatory bird; this alerts other birds of the predator's presence and distracts the large bird from the eggs. May even kill the big bird |
| Ground nesting birds usually attempt to use what measure to keep predators from their nest | They lure predators from the nest, instead of fighting |
| Anting | When birds rub ants on its plumage or sit in the dirt and allow ants to crawl over their feathers |
| Rodent running | When a bird nesting in thick grass sneaks away from the nest when a predator is near thet draws attention to itself by screeching and running around then sneaks back to the nest after the preadotr is distracted |
| Flock | To gather in large groups, especially just before breading season |
| Migration generally occurs in what time of year along routes that run north and south | Fall, or winter |
| Migration | The regular (usually yearly) movement of animals between two habitats |
| Altitudinal migration | When a bird will move up in altitude not latitude |
| Flyaways | Routes birds take when they migrate |
| Most male birds perform ___________ __________ to attract a mate. | courtship rituals |
| Egg | A complex package designed to nurture and protect the developing bird |
| Germinal spot | Where the embryo will develop |
| High speed diving wings | Narrow |
| What type of wings are needed for maneuvering in close quarters? | Short and broad |
| What is a bird's tail designed for? | The type of flight, and the habitat in which the bird lives |
| Fast, agile flapping flight needs what type of wings? | Tapered wings |
| Scrapea | Scooped out hollow nest on the ground |
| Incubation | The keeping of warm eggs for proper development |
| Shell | An eggs thick, outermost layer |
| Shell membranes | Made of keratin; separate at one end to form an air filled chamber |
| Gliding wings | Long and Narrow |
| Soaring wing | Large and broad for catching the most air |
| Hovering wings | Short and tapered |
| Chalaza | A twisted cord that holds the yolk body; allows the germinal spot to remain upright |
| Yolk body | The large egg cell produced by the mother bird's ovary |
| Yolk | Contained by the yolk body; A nutrient rich fluid for the developing chick |
| Albumen | Egg white |
| Brood patch | An area on a bird's underside that is without feathers, so it allows the heat from the mother birds body to be transferred to the developing egg |
| The shape of a bird's wing depends on what? | On how and where it is designed to fly |
| God uniquely designed bills for what? | The kind of food a bird enjoys. |
| Seed eating birds have ______, ______ sead eating bills | short, stout |
| Bills for spearing fish | Piercing bills |
| Bills for hunting birds that feed on terrestrial vertebrates; The upper mandible extends beyond the lower mandible and hook downward in front of it; | Tearing bills |
| Large, colorful bills with serrrated edges | Fruit-slicing bills |
| Perching feet | Have three forward toes and one hind toe |
| Grasping feet | Similar to perching feet but have talons |
| Talons | Pointed claws |
| Scratching feet | Similiar to perching feet |
| Mobility on the ground or in the water depends on what? | The foot design given by God |
| Field marks | Various colors, patterns, and marking characterstics of a particular bird species |
| Appearance of birds can vary based on _____, ____ and ____ ___ _____. | Gender,age,time of year |
| Name the six simpler categories of birds | Perching, birds of prey, water, game, tropical, and flightless birds. |
| What, generally, is the type of bird that is a perching bird? | Something like songbirds, wrens, and similar species; small songbird types |
| Most small birds are equipped with ______ _____. | perching feet |
| Altricial | When a hatched bird is featherless and helpless |
| The bee humming bird | The smallest of all birds |
| Birds of prey [raptors] | Distinguished by their ability to hunt by snatching prey with grasping feet |
| Peregrine falcon | The world's fastest bird |
| Diving | When a bird glides down at a very steep angle |
| Falconry | Hunting using trained falcons or hawks |
| Water birds | Include swimming birds like waterfowl, pelicans,flamingos and gulls. |
| Waterfowl | Ducks, geese, and swans |
| Ducks | Short necked waterfowl that eat in a variety of ways |
| How can you tell ducks and geese apart? | Geese are larger than ducks and have larger necks |
| Which of the three has the longest neck? A swan, a duck, or a goose | Swans have the longest necks |
| Pelicans | have a unique throat pouch that they use to catch fish |
| Game birds | Include many birds that have been hunted for food and other, often edible, birds with similar anatomy |
| Except for doves, pigeons, and a few other species, game birds fly how often and where do they nest? | very little, nest on the ground |
| Megapodes | A group of game birds that are the only birds in the world not to provide any parental care to their young |
| Tropical birds | Live in the warm regions near the equator |
| Many tropical birds can be classified in _____ _______. | other groups |
| Parrots [name 3] | Include macaws, parakeets, lorikeets, lovebirds, cockatoos, and budgerigars. |
| Trogons | A group of brightly-colored tropical birds that eat insects and fruit |
| Name three (out of five) flightless birds. | Include ostriches, emus kiwis, rheas, and cassowaries. |
| Flightless bird do not have a _____ on the sternum; because of this their pectoral muscles aren't large enough to fly. | Keel |
| Emperor and Adelie penguin | The only penguins that actually live in Antarctica year round. |
| Penguins | Flightless bird |
| Why do birds have air sacs? | To give the bird extra air intake |
| Why do birds have air capillaries instead of alveoli like mammals? | Because it allows air to flow through the lungs instead of just in and out |
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nelsonclan
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