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Sarah's Patho Group
Test One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the control center of the cell? | Nucleus |
| Tay-Sach's disease results from a dysfunction of which cellular component? | Lysosomes |
| What cellular component is similar to lysosomes by contains special enzymes that help control free radicals? | peroxisomes |
| What part of the cell holds the cell together, provides a protective barrier, and contains antigens that label the cell as self or non-self? | Cell membrane |
| This pathway for energy production requires oxygen. | Aerobic |
| This pathway for energy production occurs in the cytoplasm. | anaerobic |
| The byproduct of the anaerobic pathway that can cause acidosis should too much accumulate. | lactic acid |
| The process by which substances move from areas of greater to lesser concentration in an attempt to reach uniform distribution. | diffusion |
| Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane along a concentration gradient. | osmosis |
| The cellular eating of microorganisms or damaged cells. | phagocytosis |
| Parkinson's disease is a problem of which type of messenger? | chemical |
| When the body cells are electrically polarized at rest and the inside of the cell is more negatively charged than outside. | resting membrane potential |
| This is responsible for sodium ions being more concentrated outside the cell and potassium ions being more concentrated inside the cell. | Sodium-Potassium pump |
| An electrical signal that moves very quickly from cell to cell. | Action potential |
| The initial stimulus that causes the cell membrane to become more permeable to sodium. | Depolarization |
| After depolarization, the cell becomes negatively charged again. | Repolarization |
| An increase in cell size so that it can meet the increased work demands. | Hypertrophy |
| When the cell becomes smaller in an attempt to decrease it's oxygen and energy needs. | atrophy |
| An increase in the number of cells. | hyperplasia |
| When a cell changes from one type to another that is better able to survive in adverse circumstances. | metaplasia |
| Deranged cell growth. | dysplasia |
| Atoms that are highly unstable and can damage parts of the cell. | free radicals |
| A disease process that is associated with uncontrollable cell growth, infiltration into surrounding tissues causing tissue/organ dysfunction and changes the characteristics of normal cells. | Cancer |
| The phase of the cell cycle that prepares to divide. | G1 |
| The phase of the cell cycle where DNA synthesis occurs. | S |
| The number of chromosomes made in mitosis. | 46 |
| The number of chromosomes made in meiosis. | 23 |
| The phase of cell cycle that continues protein and RNA synthesis. | G2 |
| The phase of the cell cycle where cell division/mitosis occurs. | M |
| The resting phase of the cell cycle. | G0 |
| The reproduction or division of somatic cells capable of reproducing. | Mitosis |
| The reproduction of germ cells. | Meiosis |
| The process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions as regulated by genetic programming. | Differentiation |
| A sex-linked genetic disorder defined by deficiency or nonfunction of factor VIII (clotting factor). | Hemophilia A |
| An autosomal dominant disorder that affects the connective tissues. | Marfan's Syndrome |
| An autosomal recessive disorder that causes defective hemoglobin molecules. | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| A chromosomal disorder that occurs when chromosome 21 has three copies instead of two. | Down syndrome |
| When alleles are the same. | homozygous |
| When alleles are different. | heterozygous |
| A trait that is only expressed on the homozygous pairing. | recessive |
| A trait that is expressed on either a homozygous or heterozygous pairing. | dominant |
| An error in DNA replication that changes the genetic code. | gene mutation |
| The production and development of blood cells. | Hematopoiesis |
| When there are too many red blood cells making the blood more viscous and ready to form clots. | polycythemia |
| Where are red blood cells made? | Bone Marrow |
| What is released by the kidneys that signals to the bone marrow that more red blood cells need to be made in response to hypoxia? | Erythropoietin |
| This blood group has A antigens and B antibodies. | Type A |
| This blood group has B antigens and A antibodies. | Type B |
| This blood group has both A and B antigens and neither antibodies. | Type AB |
| This blood group has neither A or B antigens but has both A and B antibodies. | Type O |
| This blood group can be donated to any ABO blood type. | Type O |
| This blood group can receive blood from either A or B blood type. | Type AB |
| This Rh group only develop antibodies if exposed to Rh-positive blood. | Rh-negative |
| A nutritional deficiency in this mineral can lead to microcytic and hypochromic cells. | Iron |
| This type of anemia is a result of bone marrow failure. | aplastic anemia |
| B12 and folic acid are needed for: | DNA synthesis |
| Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and stored in the: | Spleen |
| A patient that bruises easily, has petchiae, and suffers from epistaxis may suffer from which blood disorder? | thrombocytopenia |
| The first stage of hemostasis that lessens the blood loss. | Vasoconstriction |
| The second stage of hemostasis that is involved in platelet aggregation. | Formation of the platelet plug. |
| The third stage of hemostasis that develops the fibrin clot to stabilize the platelet plug. | Blood coagulation |
| The fourth stage of hemostasis that brings the edges of the broken vessel back together. | Clot Retraction |
| The final stage of hemostasis that allows blood flow to be reestablished. | Clot dissolution |
| This fat soluble vitamin is needed for coagulation. | Vitamin K |
| A disease process characterized by blood coagulation and bleeding occurring at the same time. | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
| This disease process of the white blood cells is characterized by an increased number of abnormal white blood cells. | leukemia |
| A function of the immune system is to detect and respond to abnormal cells that develop in the body. | Cancer Surveillance |
| What are the two primary lymphoid organs? | bone marrow and thymus |
| Response is the same regardless of the antigen. | Innate resistance |
| The first line of defense. | Skin and mucous membranes |
| Type of WBCs that consist of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. | phagocytic |
| Cells that are programmed to automatically kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells by releasing toxic substances. | natural killer cells |
| Small hormone-like proteins the help regulate immune response. | cytokines |
| A cascade of plasma proteins that, when activated, enhances inflammation and WBC efficiency. | complement system |
| Also known as CD4 cells. | Helper T cells |
| Also known as CD8 cells. | Cytotoxic T cells |
| These cells remain in the body for a long time and enables a more rapid response on repeat exposure to an antigen. | Memory cells |
| These cells stop the immune response once the foreign agent is destroyed. | Suppressor T cells |
| These cells secrete antibodies/immunoglobins which bind to and aggregate antigens to aid in their removal by phagocytes. | plasma cells |
| This class of immunoglobins (Ig) crosses the placenta and provides protection for newborns for the first few months. | IgG |
| This is the main Ig in the body secretions and protects mucous membranes. | IgA |
| This Ig is the first to appear in response to an antigen, it's presence usually suggests a current infection by the pathogen. | IgM |
| This Ig is found on the cell membrane of B lymphocytes and binds with an antigen to stimulate B cells to produce other specific immunoglobins. | IgD |
| This Ig is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. | IgE |
| This type of immunity is acquired through vaccination or by having the disease | Active immunity |
| This type of immunity is acquired by receiving antibodies or immune cells from another source (is short-term protection). | Passive immunity |
| The absence of an immune repsonse directed against a person's own antigens. | self-tolerance |
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lysistrata117
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