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Micro Infection
Micro106 - Infection & disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is microbiota? | Microbiota are microbes that naturally associate with the body without causing disease |
| What is indigenous microbiota? | Bacteria that establish a permanent relationship with host, E. coli found in the large intestine. |
| What is transient microbiota? | Bacteria that are found only for limited periods of time, staph or strep on the skin or respiratory tract |
| What is symbiosis? | Symbiosis is the relationship between microorganisms and the human body – living together. |
| What is mutualism? | In mutualism, both the host and the microbe benefit, bacterial synthesis of vitamins or pH regulation of organs or tissues. |
| What is commensalism? | In commensalism, the microbe benefits and the host is unaffected, flora living on the skin. |
| What is parasitism? | In parasitism, the microbe benefits at the expense of the host. A pathogenic infection results in disease. Infection does not always lead to noticeable adverse effects. |
| What is pathogenicity? | Pathogenicity refers to a microbe’s ability to enter a host and cause disease. |
| What are pathogens? | Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease in otherwise healthy people. |
| What are opportunistic pathogens? | Opportunistic pathogens are microbes that cause disease when the body’s defenses are down. |
| What is virulence? | Virulence is a qualitative term referring to a pathogen’s disease causing ability. |
| What is an exogenous infection? | Exogenous infection occurs if a pathogen breaches the host’s external defenses and enters sterile tissue. |
| What is an endogenous infection? | Endogenous infection occurs if normal microbiota enter sterile tissue. When microbes take advantage of a change in the body’s environment. |
| Primary infection | Occurs in otherwise healthy bodies |
| Secondary infection | Occurs in a body weakened by a primary infection |
| Local diseases | Restricted to a single area – a staph skin boil |
| Systemic diseases | Disseminate to organs & systems – infections that spread to bones, meninges, or heart tissue |
| Bacteremia | The dissemination of living bacteria through the bloodstream |
| Septicemia | Multiplication of bacteria in the bloodstream |
| Signs | Evidence of disease detected – fever, bacteria found |
| Symptoms | Change in body function sensed by patient |
| Syndrome | Collection of signs & symptoms – aids |
| Acute diseases | Develop rapidly, cause severe symptoms and fade quickly |
| Chronic diseases | Linger for long periods of time and are slower to develop and recede |
| Incubation period | The time between entry of the microbe & symptom appearance – depends on different factors |
| Prodromal phase | Time of mild signs & symptoms |
| Acme period | When signs & symptoms climax |
| Period of decline | Signs & symptoms begin to subside |
| Convalescence | Body systems return to normal |
| Foodborne intoxication | Production of toxins that are ingested |
| Colonization/toxin production | Microbe multiplies to high numbers on host surface then produces toxin that interferes with cell function |
| Invasion of host tissues | Microbes penetrate barriers & multiply in tissues, generally have mechanism to avoid destruction by macrophages |
| Invasion/toxin production | Penetration of host barriers with addition of toxin production |
| Adhesion | Adhesions allow pathogens to adhere to appropriate tissue, associated with capsules, flagella & pili |
| Infectious dose | The number of microbes entering the body |
| Portal of entry | The route an exogenous pathogen uses to enter the body, abrasion or injury to the skin |
| Invasiveness | The ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues & spread |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing pathogens into the cell cytoplasm in vacuoles, vacuoles are then fused with lysosomes to destroy the pathogen – production of an actin tail propel microbes from cell to cell |
| Coagulase | Virulent staphylococci produce coagulase which forms a blood clot from fibrinogen proteins in blood that protects them from phagocytosis |
| Streptokinase | Streptococci produce streptokinase it dissolves fibrin clots used by the body to restrict infection and allows dissemination of the bacteria |
| Hyaluronidase | Hyaluronidase enhances pathogen penetration through tissue, digest hyaluronic acid a polysaccharide that binds cells together |
| Leukocidins | Disintegrate white blood cells |
| Hemolysins | Dissolve red blood cells, lysis of RBCs gives the pathogens iron in hemoglobin |
| Exotoxins | Most potent toxins – produced by gram negative & gram positive bacteria and secreted into host tissues |
| Neurotoxins | Act on the nervous system – paralysis |
| Enterotoxins | Act on the gastrointestinal tract – vomiting & diarrhea |
| Antitoxins | Antibodies produced by the host body to neutralize toxins |
| Toxoids | Toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still elicit an immune response |
| Toxemia | Toxins present in the blood |
| Endotoxin | Not a protein – a component of the lipopolysaccharide of the gram-negative cell wall unique to gram negative pathogens |
| Lipid A – endotoxin | The portion of the endotoxin responsible for the toxic properties |
| How are endotoxins released? | Endotoxins are released upon disintegration of gram-negative cells – endotoxin shock or septic shock may occur with antibiotic treatment of diseases caused by gram-negative bacilli |
| Portals of exit | Microbes in the intestinal tract are shed in feces. Microbes in the respiratory tract are expelled by droplets |
| Communicable diseases | Infectious diseases transmitted from one person to another |
| Noncommunicable diseases | Not easily transmitted, but acquired directly from the environment – tetanus |
| Mechanical vectors | Arthropods carrying microbes on their body – flies |
| Biological vector | When pathogens must reproduce in the insect – mosquitoes |
| Vehicle transmission | Pathogen spread through food or water |
| Reservoirs | Ecological niches where microbes live & reproduce, animals, water, soil – humans are the only reservoir for small pox |
| Carriers | Someone who has recovered from disease but continues to shed the disease agents |
| Endemic disease | Constantly present at a low level in a certain geographic area – plague in the American south west |
| Epidemic disease | Occurs in a region in excess of what is normally found |
| Outbreak | A contained epidemic |
| Pandemic | Worldwide epidemic |
| Nosocomial infection | Hospital acquired infections |
Created by:
jrb265
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