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HS Biology
Biology Final Study Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adenine | a purine with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration |
| Agar | a gelationous substance derived from seaweed |
| angiosperms | A plant whose ovules are enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant. |
| archaebacteria | another name for archaea. Archaebacteria is also a kindgom under the six-plus-kingdom classification scheme |
| Behavioral Adaptation | An adaptation is any trait that changes to better suit the organism for its environment. Adaptations are genetically-based and can be passed on from generation to generation. |
| biodiversity | The full range of natural variety and variability within and among living organisms, and the ecological and environmental complexes in which they occur. It encompasses multiple levels of organization, including genes, species, communities and ecosystems. |
| carbohydrates | A group of organic compounds, including sugars, starches and fiber, that is a major source of energy for animals. |
| cellular respiration | the process organisms undergo that converts glucose to energy, usually using oxygen and glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. |
| codominance | a situation where there are two or more dominant alleles for a given gene; when they occur together they are both fully expressed, neither masking the other |
| concentration gradient | A gradient that exists when there is a difference in concentration of a particular substance, which results in the net movement of the substance from the region of high concentration to the one of lower concentration. |
| Contractile Vacuole | A membrane-bound vesicle that expands and contracts to expel excess water |
| concentration gradient | A gradient that exists when there is a difference in concentration of a particular substance, which results in the net movement of the substance from the region of high concentration to the one of lower concentration. |
| density | A measure of the amount of matter contained by a given volume |
| dependent limiting factors | limiting factors such as disease, parasites, or food availability that affect growth of a population |
| dichotomous key | a guide to identification of plants or animals consisting of a series of pairs of questions or descriptions. |
| dynamic equilibrium | the continuous movement, but no over all condintion change |
| concentration gradient | A gradient that exists when there is a difference in concentration of a particular substance, which results in the net movement of the substance from the region of high concentration to the one of lower concentration. |
| ecological succession | The process by which organisms occupy a site and gradually change environmental conditions so that other species can replace the original inhabitants. |
| Energy Pyramid | a graphical representation of the trophic levels by which incoming solar energy is transferred into an ecosystem |
| Eubacteria | group of prokaryotes with strong cell walls and a variety of structures, may be autotrophs or heterotrophs |
| Flagella | long projections composed of microtubules; found on some cell surfaces; they help propel cells and organisms by a whiplike motion |
| Fossil Fuels | mineral fuels are fossil source fuels found within the top layer of the Earth's crust |
| Genetic Variation | refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic make-up of a species |
| Glacial Lake | a lake with origins in a melted glacier. They can be green as a result of pulverized minerals that support a large population of algae. |
| Gymnosperms | heterosporous, producing microspores that develop into pollen grains and megaspores that are retained in an ovule. |
| Haploid | cell with one of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a haploid or n, number of chromosomes. |
| Hemophilia | a group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation |
| Hypertonic | in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell |
| hypotonic | in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell |
| Incomplete Dominance | inheritance pattern where the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes;neither allel of the pair is dominant but combine and display a new trait |
| Invertebrates | animals that do not have a backbone |
| Lichens | organism formed from a symbiotic association between a fungus, usually as ascomycete and a photosynthetic green alge or cyanobacteria |
| Meiosis | type of cell division where one body cell produces four gametes, each containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent's body cell |
| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| Mutagens | any agent that can cause a change in DNA; includes high-energy radiation, chemicals or high temperatures |
| Non-Vascular Plants | plants that do not have vascular tissues |
| Nucleotide | subunits of a nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base |
| Organelles | membrane-bound structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane |
| Oxygen Cycle | the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere(air), the biosphere(lin]ving things) and the lithosphere(Earth's crust) |
| Pedigree | graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits |
| Pepitdoglycan | also known as murein, a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that form a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria |
| Photosynthesis | process by which autotrophs, such as algae and plants trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars |
| Protein Synthesis | the creation of proteins using DNA and RNA, proteins can often be synthesized directly from genes by translation mRNA |
| Psudopodia | in protozoans, cytoplasm-contaings extensions of the plasma membrane; aid in locomotin and feeding |
| Quaternary Level in Food Chains | Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers |
| Radical Symmetry | an animals body plan that can be divided among any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different sources |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | organelle in eukaryotic cells with a series of highly folded membranes surrounded in a cytoplasm; site of cellular chemical reactions; rough is with ribsomes |
| Spontaneous Generation | mistaken ideas that life can arise from nonliving materials |
| Succulents | also known as fat plants, water-retaining plants adapted to acid climate or soil conditions |
| Taiga | biome just south of the tundra; characterized by a boreal or northern coniferous forest composed of larch, fir, hemlock and spruce trees and acidic mineral poor topsoils |
| Translation | process in the cll nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand |
| Tugor Pressure | the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells and bacteria cells determined by the water content of the vacuole resulting from osmotic pressure |
| Unicellular | havings or consisting of a single cell |
| Uracil | a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative |
| Vacuole | membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of cells used for the temporary storage of materials |
| Vascular Bundles | part of the transport system in vascular plants; transport happens in vascular tissue |
| Vascular Plants | those plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water minerals and photosynthetic products through the plant |
| Water Cycle | the Earth's water is always in movement; the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth |
| Wetlands | an area of land consisting of soil that is saturated with moisture, such as a swamp, marsh or bog |
Created by:
jdollar
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