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Bio Ch. 9

Genetics

QuestionAnswer
Genetics Science of heredity
Father of modern genetics Gregor Mendel
blending idea that the hereditary materials contributed by the male and female mix to form offspring
self-fertilize pollen grains released from the stamens land on the tip of the egg containing carpel of same flower.
cross-fertilization fertilizaton of one plant by pollen from a different plant.
hybrids offspring of two different varieties
cross hybridization
P generation parental plants
F1 generation hybrid offspring
F2 generation next generation of plants
monohybrid cross parent plants differ in only one characteristic
Alleles alternative forms of genes
dominant allele the allele that is fully expressed.
recessive allele the other has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance.
homozygous pair of identical alleles for characteristic
heterozygous two different alleles for characteristic
Punnett square a diamond figure, that shows 4 possible combinations of gametes.
phenotype physical traits
genotype genetic makeup
principle of segregation pairs of genes segregate during gamete formation, fusion of gametes at fertilization pairs genes once again
loci specific locations of genes along the chromosome.
dihybrid cross mating of parental varieties differing in two characteristics
principle of independent assortment each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation.
testcross a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
independent event unaffected by what has happened on previous attempts.
compound event product of the separate probabilites
rule of multiplication 1/2*1/2=1/4
rule of addition probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of separate probabilities of the different ways.
pedigree a family tree
carriers people who have one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder
cystic fibrosis most common lethal genetic disease in the U.S.
Achondroplasia a form of dwarfism
Huntington's disease a degeneration of the nervous system that usually does not begin until middle age.
amniocentesis tells whether the fetus has a disorder.
Chorionic villus sampling the physician inserts a narrow tube through female and suctions off a small amount of fetal tissue from the placenta
ultrasound imaging uses sound waves to produce a picture of the fetus.
Incomplete dominance hybrids have an appearance in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
ABO blood groups in humans are one example of multiple alleles. can be A,B,or O.
Codominance both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals.
pleiotropy impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic.
polygenic inheritance additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic.
chromosome theory of inheritance says that genes are located on chromosomes and that behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns.
linked genes genes that are located close together on the same chromosome.
recombination frequency percentage of recombinants
sex chromosomes x and y, determine an individual's sex.
monoecious plants including corn
hermaphroditic earthworms and garden snails.
sex-linked gene any gene located on a sex chromosome.
red-green color blindness is a common sex-linked disorder characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes.
hemophilia sex-linked recessive trait with a long, well-documented history.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy a condition characterized by a progressive weakening and loss of muscle tissue.
Created by: pedagandham
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